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Questions and Answers
Chloroplasts are responsible for converting light energy into chemical energy.
Chloroplasts are responsible for converting light energy into chemical energy.
True (A)
Mitochondria have a single membrane and do not contain their own DNA.
Mitochondria have a single membrane and do not contain their own DNA.
False (B)
The lysosome is primarily responsible for storing food and water in plant cells.
The lysosome is primarily responsible for storing food and water in plant cells.
False (B)
The central vacuole in plant cells is used to store mainly water and inorganic ions.
The central vacuole in plant cells is used to store mainly water and inorganic ions.
Cristae are the folds found in the inner membrane of chloroplasts.
Cristae are the folds found in the inner membrane of chloroplasts.
Lysosomes can digest non-functioning organelles.
Lysosomes can digest non-functioning organelles.
Animal cells contain a central vacuole similar to that in plant cells.
Animal cells contain a central vacuole similar to that in plant cells.
Both chloroplasts and mitochondria are involved in energy conversion processes.
Both chloroplasts and mitochondria are involved in energy conversion processes.
The human body consists of millions of cells.
The human body consists of millions of cells.
All organelles in a cell perform specific functions that are crucial to its operation.
All organelles in a cell perform specific functions that are crucial to its operation.
Ribosomes are responsible for creating ribosomal RNA only.
Ribosomes are responsible for creating ribosomal RNA only.
The nucleus is considered the command center of the cell.
The nucleus is considered the command center of the cell.
Chromatin is tightly packed in non-dividing cells.
Chromatin is tightly packed in non-dividing cells.
The Golgi body receives and ships molecules through two ends called the cis end and the trans end.
The Golgi body receives and ships molecules through two ends called the cis end and the trans end.
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in the synthesis of proteins.
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in the synthesis of proteins.
Chloroplasts are organelles found in both plant and animal cells.
Chloroplasts are organelles found in both plant and animal cells.
Mitochondria are known as the powerhouses of the cell because they convert food into energy.
Mitochondria are known as the powerhouses of the cell because they convert food into energy.
In muscle cells, calcium ions can trigger muscle contraction.
In muscle cells, calcium ions can trigger muscle contraction.
The nucleolus is a region in the nucleus where ribosomes are partly assembled.
The nucleolus is a region in the nucleus where ribosomes are partly assembled.
The nuclear envelope has only one layer surrounding the nucleus.
The nuclear envelope has only one layer surrounding the nucleus.
The rough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes attached to its surface.
The rough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes attached to its surface.
Vacuoles are primarily involved in photosynthesis.
Vacuoles are primarily involved in photosynthesis.
Flashcards
Chloroplast Structure
Chloroplast Structure
Chloroplasts have a double membrane, thylakoid space (inside the membrane), and stroma (the rest of the inside). They also contain their own ribosomes and DNA in the stroma.
Mitochondria Structure
Mitochondria Structure
Mitochondria also have a double membrane, with folds called cristae on the inner membrane. They contain intermembrane space, and ribosomes and DNA in the mitochondrial matrix.
Chloroplast Function
Chloroplast Function
Chloroplasts convert light energy into chemical energy via photosynthesis.
Mitochondria Function
Mitochondria Function
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Vacuole Function
Vacuole Function
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Lysosomes Function
Lysosomes Function
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Cristae
Cristae
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Stroma
Stroma
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Organelles
Organelles
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Nucleus
Nucleus
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Nuclear envelope
Nuclear envelope
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Chromatin
Chromatin
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Chromosomes
Chromosomes
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Ribosomes
Ribosomes
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Free ribosomes
Free ribosomes
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Bound ribosomes
Bound ribosomes
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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
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Rough ER
Rough ER
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Smooth ER
Smooth ER
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Golgi body
Golgi body
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Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts
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Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
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Mitochondria
Mitochondria
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Study Notes
Major Cellular Organelles
- Cells are the basic units of life, composed of various organelles.
- Organelles perform specific functions within the cell.
- Eight major organelles discussed: nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi body, chloroplasts, mitochondria, vacuoles, and lysosomes.
Nucleus
- Nucleus: the control center of the cell.
- Contains DNA, which dictates cellular functions.
- Enclosed by a nuclear envelope (double membrane).
- Nuclear pores allow selective passage of materials into and out of the nucleus.
- Pore complex regulates the movement of substances.
- Chromatin: DNA and associated proteins.
- Chromosomes: condensed chromatin structures visible during cell division.
- Nucleolus: region of dense chromatin where ribosome assembly occurs.
Ribosomes
- Ribosomes: protein and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) complexes.
- Synthesize proteins based on messenger RNA (mRNA) instructions.
- Two locations: free ribosomes in cytoplasm (proteins used within the cell); bound ribosomes attached to ER (proteins incorporated into membranes or exported).
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- ER: network of membranes continuous with the nuclear envelope.
- Two types: Rough ER (studded with ribosomes); Smooth ER (no ribosomes).
- Rough ER: protein folding and modification; transports proteins to other locations.
- Smooth ER: lipid synthesis (steroids, phospholipids, oils); calcium ion storage (muscle contraction, protein secretion).
Golgi Body
- Golgi body: modification, packaging, and shipping of molecules.
- Composed of flattened sacs (cisternae).
- Cis face receives molecules; trans face ships them out.
- Modifies proteins with chemical groups.
- Packages molecules in vesicles for transport.
Chloroplasts
- Chloroplasts: only in plant cells.
- Contain chlorophyll (green pigment).
- Perform photosynthesis: convert light energy into chemical energy.
- Double membrane structure; intermembrane space.
- Thylakoids (membrane sacs, arranged in grana); thylakoid space.
- Stroma: fluid-filled space surrounding thylakoids (site of photosynthesis).
- Own ribosomes and DNA.
Mitochondria
- Mitochondria: double membrane structure (cristae = folds in inner membrane).
- Convert chemical energy into ATP (cellular respiration).
- Intermembrane space, mitochondrial matrix (own ribosomes and DNA).
- More surface area for chemical reactions (ATP production).
Vacuoles
- Vacuoles: storage containers for various substances (food, water, waste products).
- Central vacuole (large) in plant cells mainly stores water and minerals.
- Smaller vacuoles in animal cells.
Lysosomes
- Lysosomes: contain enzymes to break down molecules and old organelles.
- Fuse with vesicles containing molecules for digestion.
- Recycle cellular components.
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