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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the cell membrane?
What is the primary function of the cell membrane?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a cell?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a cell?
What is the primary function of epithelial tissue?
What is the primary function of epithelial tissue?
Which type of tissue is responsible for transmitting nerve impulses?
Which type of tissue is responsible for transmitting nerve impulses?
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What is the term for the group of cells with similar function?
What is the term for the group of cells with similar function?
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What is the term for the structure formed by two or more primary types of tissues?
What is the term for the structure formed by two or more primary types of tissues?
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Which of the following cells do not reproduce by division?
Which of the following cells do not reproduce by division?
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What is the term for the process by which cells respond to their environment?
What is the term for the process by which cells respond to their environment?
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What is the function of cholesterol in the lipid layer of the cell membrane?
What is the function of cholesterol in the lipid layer of the cell membrane?
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What type of proteins pass through the entire thickness of the cell membrane?
What type of proteins pass through the entire thickness of the cell membrane?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of integral proteins?
Which of the following is NOT a function of integral proteins?
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What is the term for proteins that are partially embedded in the outer and inner surfaces of the cell membrane?
What is the term for proteins that are partially embedded in the outer and inner surfaces of the cell membrane?
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What is the purpose of the lipid layer in the cell membrane?
What is the purpose of the lipid layer in the cell membrane?
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What is the term for carbohydrate molecules attached to proteins in the cell membrane?
What is the term for carbohydrate molecules attached to proteins in the cell membrane?
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Which of the following is an example of an integral protein?
Which of the following is an example of an integral protein?
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What is the function of peripheral proteins in the cell membrane?
What is the function of peripheral proteins in the cell membrane?
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What is the term for the arrangement of phospholipid molecules in the lipid layer of the cell membrane?
What is the term for the arrangement of phospholipid molecules in the lipid layer of the cell membrane?
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What is the function of carrier proteins in the cell membrane?
What is the function of carrier proteins in the cell membrane?
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What is the function of glycocalyx in cell membranes?
What is the function of glycocalyx in cell membranes?
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How do carbohydrate molecules contribute to the selective permeability of the cell membrane?
How do carbohydrate molecules contribute to the selective permeability of the cell membrane?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the cell membrane?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the cell membrane?
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How does the cell membrane contribute to the exchange of gases?
How does the cell membrane contribute to the exchange of gases?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of carbohydrates in the cell membrane?
Which of the following is NOT a function of carbohydrates in the cell membrane?
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Which of these statements BEST describes the role of the cell membrane in maintaining the cell's shape and size?
Which of these statements BEST describes the role of the cell membrane in maintaining the cell's shape and size?
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Which organ system is primarily responsible for digestion of food particles?
Which organ system is primarily responsible for digestion of food particles?
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What is the primary function of the respiratory system?
What is the primary function of the respiratory system?
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How are proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates proportionally composed in the cell membrane?
How are proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates proportionally composed in the cell membrane?
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What structure of the cell membrane was first proposed by James F Danielli and Hugh Davson?
What structure of the cell membrane was first proposed by James F Danielli and Hugh Davson?
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Which model of the cell membrane proposed that proteins float in the lipid layer?
Which model of the cell membrane proposed that proteins float in the lipid layer?
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What is the thickness range of the cell membrane mentioned in the content?
What is the thickness range of the cell membrane mentioned in the content?
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What is the role of the endocrine system in the body?
What is the role of the endocrine system in the body?
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Which type of lipid is primarily found in the lipid layer of the cell membrane?
Which type of lipid is primarily found in the lipid layer of the cell membrane?
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What distinguishes the fluid mosaic model from the Danielli-Davson model?
What distinguishes the fluid mosaic model from the Danielli-Davson model?
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What are the two parts of the cell body?
What are the two parts of the cell body?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Cells and Tissues
- Cells are the fundamental units of life, essential for all living organisms.
- Each cell requires nutrition and oxygen, produces energy, eliminates waste, maintains its environment, responds to invaders, and can reproduce, with exceptions like neurons.
- Tissues consist of groups of similar cells and are classified into four primary types: muscle, nervous, epithelial, and connective tissues.
Organs and Organ Systems
- Organs are structures formed from two or more primary tissue types that perform specific functions.
- Types of organs include tubular (hollow) organs and compact (parenchymal) organs.
- Organ systems are groups of interconnected organs that work together for specific bodily functions, such as:
- Digestive system: processes food.
- Excretory system: removes waste.
- Cardiovascular system: transports substances.
- Respiratory system: exchanges gases.
- Reproductive system: facilitates reproduction.
- Endocrine system: regulates growth and bodily functions.
- Musculoskeletal system: provides stability and movement.
- Nervous system: controls activities and intellectual functions.
Structure of the Cell
- Every cell consists of a cell body, a nucleus, and surrounding cytoplasm, all encased by a cell membrane.
Cell Membrane
- The cell membrane, or plasma membrane, is a protective and semi-permeable barrier between extracellular fluid (ECF) and intracellular fluid (ICF).
- Thickness ranges between 75 to 111Å.
- Composed of 55% proteins, 40% lipids, and 5% carbohydrates.
Models of Cell Membrane Structure
- Danielli-Davson Model: Proposed a lipid "sandwich" covered with protein layers.
- Unit Membrane Model: Replaced the previous model, indicating structured layers based on electron microscopy.
- Fluid Mosaic Model: Current model recognizing a dynamic arrangement of proteins floating within a fluid lipid bilayer.
Lipid Layer and Phospholipids
- The lipid layer is bilayered, consisting mainly of phospholipids which have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.
- Cholesterol is interspersed among phospholipids, maintaining membrane integrity and fluidity.
- The lipid layer's semi-permeability allows fat-soluble substances (e.g., oxygen, carbon dioxide) to pass, while being impermeable to water-soluble substances (e.g., glucose).
Protein Layers in the Cell Membrane
- Composed of integral (transmembrane) proteins that span the membrane and peripheral proteins that are loosely associated.
- Functions of proteins include:
- Structural integrity, transport, and as channels for molecules.
- Serving as receptors for hormones and neurotransmitters.
- Acting as enzymes for metabolic reactions.
Carbohydrates in the Cell Membrane
- Carbohydrates form glycoproteins and glycolipids, contributing to the glycocalyx, a protective layer on the membrane.
- Functions include:
- Restrictions on negatively charged substances.
- Facilitating cell adhesion and signaling through receptor functions.
Functions of the Cell Membrane
- Protective barrier safeguarding the cytoplasm and organelles.
- Selectively permeable to certain substances, enabling nutrient absorption and waste excretion.
- Facilitates gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide).
- Maintains the cell's shape and size.
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Description
Learn about the characteristics of cells, the basic units of life. Discover how cells obtain nutrition, produce energy, and maintain their environment.