Cell Biology Fundamentals

The scientific study of life, exploring structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, and distribution of living organisms.

Study of cells, the fundamental units of life, investigating their structure, function, and behavior.

All living organisms are composed of cells, the basic unit of life, arising from pre-existing cells.

Lacking a nucleus and complex membrane-bound organelles; includes Bacteria and Archaea.

Possessing a nucleus and complex membrane-bound organelles; found in protists, fungi, plants, and animals.

Contains the cell's DNA and controls gene expression.

Involved in protein and lipid synthesis. Rough ER contains ribosomes, smooth ER handles lipids, detoxification, and calcium storage.

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for transport.

Generate ATP through cellular respiration, providing energy for the cell.

Contain enzymes for intracellular digestion and waste removal.

Provides structural support, facilitates cell movement, and plays a role in cell division.

Selectively permeable barrier enclosing the cell, composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.

Rigid outer layer providing structural support and protection in plant cells, fungi, and bacteria.

Duplication of the cell's DNA before cell division.

Synthesis of RNA from a DNA template.

Synthesis of protein from an RNA template.

Movement of substances across the cell membrane without requiring energy (e.g., diffusion, osmosis).

The series of events leading to cell division and duplication, including interphase and mitotic phase.

Division of the nucleus, including prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

The process by which cells break down glucose to produce ATP.