Cell Biology Fundamentals
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Questions and Answers

The movement of molecules from high to low concentration without energy input is called ______________ transport.

passive

The process of generating ATP using a proton gradient is called _______________.

chemiosmosis

The breakdown of organic molecules to generate energy is known as _______________.

catabolism

The specific binding site for a substrate on an enzyme is called the ______________ site.

<p>active</p> Signup and view all the answers

The regulation of enzyme activity through the binding of effector molecules to a non-active site is called ______________ regulation.

<p>allosteric</p> Signup and view all the answers

The substrate concentration at half-maximal velocity is represented by the symbol ______________.

<p>Km</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Membrane Transport

  • Types of Transport:
    • Passive Transport: movement of molecules from high to low concentration without energy input (diffusion, osmosis)
    • Active Transport: movement of molecules against concentration gradient using energy (carrier proteins, pumps)
  • Transport Mechanisms:
    • Simple Diffusion: molecules move through phospholipid bilayer
    • Facilitated Diffusion: molecules move through transport proteins (carrier proteins, channels)
    • Active Transport: energy-dependent transport using ATP or proton motive force
  • Proton Motive Force:
    • Electrogenic transport: generates proton gradient across membrane
    • Chemiosmosis: ATP synthesis using proton gradient

Metabolic Pathways

  • Catabolism:
    • Breakdown of organic molecules to generate energy (ATP, NADH, FADH2)
    • Examples: glycolysis, citric acid cycle, fatty acid oxidation
  • Anabolism:
    • Synthesis of organic molecules using energy (ATP, NADH, FADH2)
    • Examples: gluconeogenesis, fatty acid synthesis, amino acid synthesis
  • Energy Yield:
    • ATP generated per glucose molecule: 36-38 ATP (aerobic respiration), 2 ATP (anaerobic respiration)

Enzyme

  • Enzyme Structure:
    • Active site: specific binding site for substrate
    • Apoenzyme: protein component
    • Cofactor: non-protein component (coenzyme, metal ion)
  • Enzyme Kinetics:
    • Substrate binding: formation of enzyme-substrate complex
    • Enzyme-substrate complex: transition state, product formation
    • Km (Michaelis constant): substrate concentration at half-maximal velocity
  • Regulation of Enzyme Activity:
    • Allosteric regulation: binding of effector molecules to non-active site
    • Feedback inhibition: product inhibits enzyme activity
    • Post-translational modification: phosphorylation, ubiquitination

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Test your knowledge of cell biology basics, including cell membrane transport, metabolic pathways, and enzyme structure and function. Learn about passive and active transport, catabolism and anabolism, and enzyme regulation.

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