Questions and Answers
What is the structure that the endoplasmic reticulum is connected to?
What is the main function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
What is the difference between the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
What is one of the functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in terms of carbohydrates?
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What is the site of protein synthesis in the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
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Where do proteins synthesized in the cytoplasm tend to end up?
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What is one of the functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in terms of steroids?
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What is the main difference between proteins synthesized in the cytoplasm and those synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
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What is the main reason why the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and cell membrane are grouped together?
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Where is the protein initially made in the cell?
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What happens to the vesicle that contains proteins that need to be secreted from the cell?
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What is the function of the vesicle that contains proteins that need to be embedded in the cell membrane?
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What happens to the cell membrane after the vesicle merges with it?
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What is the purpose of the secretory pathway?
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What happens to the protein that was not supposed to go to the lysosome?
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What is the role of the vesicles in the secretory pathway?
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What is the purpose of post-translational modifications of proteins in the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
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What determines whether a protein follows the secretory pathway or not?
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What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus?
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What happens to a protein that is synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and needs to be secreted from the cell?
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What is the cis stack of the Golgi apparatus?
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What happens to a vesicle that buds off from the trans stack of the Golgi apparatus?
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What is the purpose of the signal sequence in protein synthesis?
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What is the function of the trans stack of the Golgi apparatus?
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What happens to a protein that is destined to become part of the cell membrane?
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What is the role of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in protein synthesis?
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Study Notes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
- The endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle that buds off the nucleus and has a continuous space with the nuclear envelope.
- The endoplasmic reticulum has two parts: rough endoplasmic reticulum and smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
- The smooth endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes lipids, including those that are part of the cell membrane and those that are secreted from the cell.
- The smooth endoplasmic reticulum also metabolizes carbohydrates and aids in the detoxification of drugs and other toxins.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- The rough endoplasmic reticulum is the site of protein synthesis and has ribosomes attached to it.
- Proteins synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum are either secreted into the extracellular environment or become part of the cell membrane.
- Post-translational modifications of proteins, such as the formation of disulfide bridges, occur in the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
Protein Synthesis
- Proteins synthesized in the cytoplasm can end up in the nucleus, mitochondria, peroxisomes, or remain in the cytoplasm.
- Proteins synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum follow the secretory pathway.
- The secretory pathway describes the pathway a protein takes from synthesis to being secreted from the cell or becoming part of the cell membrane.
Secretory Pathway
- Proteins that follow the secretory pathway have a signal sequence that is detected early in translation, causing the polypeptide to be pushed into the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
- The signal sequence determines whether a protein is synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum or the cytoplasm.
Golgi Apparatus
- The Golgi apparatus is an organelle found near the endoplasmic reticulum and is composed of stacked sacks.
- The Golgi apparatus modifies proteins made in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, sorts and sends proteins to their proper destinations, and synthesizes molecules that need to be secreted from the cell.
- The Golgi apparatus has three parts: cis stack, medial stack, and trans stack.
Protein Modification and Transport
- Proteins synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum are transported to the Golgi apparatus in vesicles.
- In the Golgi apparatus, proteins undergo modifications and are sorted and sent to their proper destinations.
- Vesicles from the Golgi apparatus can merge with lysosomes or the cell membrane, releasing proteins into these locations.
Lysosomes and Cell Membrane
- The endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and cell membrane are all part of the secretory pathway.
- These organelles have ways of transferring proteins between them.
- Proteins can be transported to lysosomes or become part of the cell membrane.
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Description
Learn about the endoplasmic reticulum, its structure, and its functions in the cell. Understand how it's connected to the nucleus and its role in cellular processes.