Cell Biology: Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Apparatus
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Questions and Answers

What structure is formed by the combination of centrioles and a protein matrix?

  • Flagella
  • Cilia
  • Centrosome (correct)
  • Nucleus

    • Which of the following structures is specifically associated with the movement of sperm cells?

  • Flagella (correct)
  • Centrioles
  • Cilia
  • Centrosomes

    • Which component is a significant characteristic of plant cells but absent in animal cells?

  • Chloroplast (correct)
  • Cytoplasm
  • Mitochondria
  • Cell membrane

    • What is the main role of centrosomes during cell division?

    <p>Facilitating changes in cell shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason polar molecules are soluble in water?

    <p>They can form hydrogen bonds with water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the structure of cilia?

    <p>Shorter than flagella and facilitates motility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of a cell is typically made up of water?

    <p>70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure aids the movement of mucus in the respiratory system?

    <p>Cilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major characteristic of nonpolar molecules in relation to water?

    <p>They associate closely with each other to minimize water contact.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following ions is NOT mentioned as an inorganic ion essential for cell function?

    <p>Iron (Fe2+)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of a cell's dry weight is typically made up of macromolecules?

    <p>80-90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a precursor of macromolecules?

    <p>Amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main functions of inorganic ions in cells?

    <p>To engage in cell metabolism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of organic molecules are lipids classified as?

    <p>Macromolecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organic components are classified as macromolecules?

    <p>Proteins and nucleic acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do nonpolar molecules tend to associate with each other?

    <p>To reduce their contact with water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?

    <p>Synthesis of proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for modifying and packaging proteins and lipids?

    <p>Golgi apparatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) primarily serve?

    <p>Synthesis of carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of lysosomes within a cell?

    <p>Digest worn-out cell parts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true regarding the structure of Golgi apparatus?

    <p>It consists of a series of flattened sacs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of endoplasmic reticulum is most abundant in liver cells due to its function?

    <p>Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process do lysosomes facilitate when a cell is severely worn out?

    <p>Apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature that differentiates smooth endoplasmic reticulum from rough endoplasmic reticulum?

    <p>Presence of ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are simple amides classified as?

    <p>Carboxylic acid derivatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed when a halide group replaces a hydroxyl group in carboxylic acids?

    <p>Acyl halides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization establishes the naming conventions for organic compounds?

    <p>International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes biochemistry?

    <p>The chemistry of life at the molecular level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is biochemistry important for understanding nutrition?

    <p>It provides insight into digestion and absorption processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role can biochemistry play in the field of pharmaceuticals?

    <p>Creating complicated medications using biological components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a reason biochemistry is utilized?

    <p>Examining properties of non-biological materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following fields does biochemistry encompass?

    <p>Cell biology, genetics, and pharmacology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes phenols from alcohols in terms of their chemical behavior?

    <p>Phenols contain an aromatic ring with a hydroxyl group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which best describes the structure of ketones?

    <p>They have a carbon atom covalently linked to an oxygen atom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the functional group present in carboxylic acids?

    <p>Carboxyl group (—COOH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are esters commonly used for?

    <p>As ingredients in perfumes and flavors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of compounds do ethers consist of?

    <p>Oxygen atoms between two alkyl groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general formula for amides?

    <p>R-C(=O)-NH2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one defining characteristic of amines?

    <p>One or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by alkyl groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about aldehydes is accurate?

    <p>They are characterized by one carbon atom with three single bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Endoplasmic Reticulum

    • The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of membranes that extend from the nuclear envelope to the plasma membrane
    • The ER increases the surface area of the cell to accommodate various cellular functions
    • There are two types of ER, rough and smooth.
    • Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) has ribosomes attached to its surface, giving it a rough appearance
    • RER is involved in the synthesis of proteins and modification of proteins that will be secreted by the cell.
    • Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) has fewer ribosomes attached to its surface and is involved in the synthesis of lipids, carbohydrates, detoxification of medicines and toxic substances, and storage
    • SER also aids in the absorption of calcium ions within the cell, particularly in the muscle cells.

    Golgi Apparatus

    • The Golgi apparatus, also known as the Golgi complex or Golgi body, is a membrane-bound organelle composed of flattened sacs called cisternae
    • The Golgi apparatus is involved in the transport, modification, and packaging of proteins and lipids via vesicles.
    • Vesicles are small structures that are enclosed by a lipid bilayer and are transported to other cells through cell signaling
    • Plant cells contain hundreds of Golgi apparatuses.

    Lysosomes

    • Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles that contain digestive enzymes that break down worn-out cell parts and organelles.
    • Lysosomes also destroy foreign materials like viruses and bacteria in the cell.
    • Lysosomes are involved in programmed cell death called apoptosis.
    • The lysosome's membrane protects the cell from the acidic contents within.

    Centrioles

    • Centrioles are involved in the development of cilia and flagella.
    • Centrioles are found in animal and lower plant cells.
    • A centrosome is a combination of centrioles surrounded by a protein matrix.
    • Centrosomes appear before cell division and direct the movements of microtubules and other cytoskeletal structures and proteins during cell division.
    • Centrosomes facilitate changes in the cells' shapes during cell division.

    Cilia and Flagella

    • Cilia and flagella are projections from the cell that aid in cell motility.
    • Cilia are shorter than flagella, but both are made up of the same protein components.
    • Cilia in the bronchus of the respiratory system move mucus and other materials.
    • Sperm cells are the only animal cells that have flagella.

    Cell Types (Eukaryotes)

    • Animal, plant, fungal, and protist cells are eukaryotic cells that are unique in structure and function.
    • Animal and plant cells share similar components including the nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, and cell membrane.
    • Plant cells have a vacuole, chloroplast, and cell wall that are absent in animal cells.

    Chemical Composition of Cells

    • At least 70% of cells are water.
    • Water molecules can interact with positively or negatively charged ions as well as other polar molecules and form hydrogen bonds with them due to their polar nature.
    • Polar molecules and ions easily dissolve in water, making them hydrophilic.
    • Nonpolar molecules are poorly soluble in an aqueous environment because they cannot interact with water, making them hydrophobic.
    • Nonpolar molecules usually associate with each other to reduce their contact with water.
    • Interactions between polar and nonpolar molecules and water are essential for the development of biological structures like cell membranes.
    • Inorganic ions such as sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), magnesium (Mg2+), calcium (Ca2+), phosphate (HPO42-), chloride (Cl-), and bicarbonate (HCO3-) make up less than 1% of the mass of the cell.
    • Inorganic ions are involved in several facets of cell metabolism.
    • Organic molecules such as lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids make up the bulk of the cell mass.
    • These molecules are often called macromolecules because they are made up of hundreds or thousands of low-molecular-weight precursors.
    • 80–90% of the dry weight of most cells is made up of these macromolecules.

    Why Are Cells Generally Small?

    • The surface area to volume ratio of a cell affects its ability to take in nutrients and expel waste products.
    • Smaller cells have a higher surface area to volume ratio than larger cells, allowing for more efficient exchange of materials.

    Do All Cells Have The Same Parts?

    • No, not all cells have the same parts.
    • Different cells have different structures and functions.
    • For example, plant cells have chloroplasts, which are not found in animal cells.

    Biochemistry and its discipline

    • Biochemistry is the chemistry of life.
    • Biochemistry studies life at the molecular level.
    • It encompasses other disciplines like cell biology, genetics, immunology, microbiology, pharmacology, and physiology.
    • Biochemistry helps us understand how living organisms work, such as information transfer, digestion, absorption, cell growth, and death.

    What Is Biochemistry Used For?

    • Biochemistry is used to investigate the characteristics of biological substances, such as proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates
    • It is used to employ biomolecules in various applications, such as in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and food products.

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    LEC_Week 2-3 (Cells-Intro to Biochem) 2024-2025 PDF

    Description

    Explore the structure and functions of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus in this quiz. Learn about the differences between rough and smooth ER, their roles in protein and lipid synthesis, and the function of the Golgi apparatus in processing cellular materials. Test your understanding of these vital cellular components!

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