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Questions and Answers
What is the primary factor that drives the process of diffusion?
What is the primary factor that drives the process of diffusion?
- The type of solvent used
- The concentration gradient (correct)
- Temperature of the environment
- The size of the molecules
What is the outcome of the diffusion process?
What is the outcome of the diffusion process?
- The proteins become inactive
- A higher concentration of solutes on one side of the membrane
- The elimination of the concentration gradient (correct)
- An increase in temperature of the solution
How is facilitated diffusion different from simple diffusion?
How is facilitated diffusion different from simple diffusion?
- Facilitated diffusion does not reach equilibrium
- Facilitated diffusion involves transport proteins (correct)
- Facilitated diffusion requires energy input
- Facilitated diffusion occurs faster than simple diffusion
Which statement describes passive transport?
Which statement describes passive transport?
Why might a molecule require facilitated diffusion to cross the cell membrane?
Why might a molecule require facilitated diffusion to cross the cell membrane?
What happens to an animal cell placed in a hypertonic environment?
What happens to an animal cell placed in a hypertonic environment?
How do plant cells respond to a hypotonic environment?
How do plant cells respond to a hypotonic environment?
What role does the cell wall play in plant cells during osmosis?
What role does the cell wall play in plant cells during osmosis?
What is the purpose of the contractile vacuole in freshwater protists?
What is the purpose of the contractile vacuole in freshwater protists?
What type of transport allows small molecules to move across the membrane without energy input?
What type of transport allows small molecules to move across the membrane without energy input?
Which of the following molecules can easily pass through the phospholipid bilayer?
Which of the following molecules can easily pass through the phospholipid bilayer?
What is the effect on a freshwater fish placed in saltwater?
What is the effect on a freshwater fish placed in saltwater?
What is the primary role of channel proteins in facilitated diffusion?
What is the primary role of channel proteins in facilitated diffusion?
Which mechanism is primarily responsible for the diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane?
Which mechanism is primarily responsible for the diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane?
What happens to a freshwater fish when placed in a saltwater environment?
What happens to a freshwater fish when placed in a saltwater environment?
Which of the following statements about carrier proteins is true?
Which of the following statements about carrier proteins is true?
What characterizes a hypertonic solution in osmotic terms?
What characterizes a hypertonic solution in osmotic terms?
What triggers the opening of a gated channel protein?
What triggers the opening of a gated channel protein?
When a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, what is the expected consequence?
When a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, what is the expected consequence?
Which type of protein is used for the transport of ions like sodium and calcium across the cell membrane?
Which type of protein is used for the transport of ions like sodium and calcium across the cell membrane?
Polar molecules can easily diffuse across the cell membrane without a transport protein.
Polar molecules can easily diffuse across the cell membrane without a transport protein.
Aquaporins are a type of channel protein that allow water to diffuse across the membrane quickly.
Aquaporins are a type of channel protein that allow water to diffuse across the membrane quickly.
Diffusion moves molecules from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration.
Diffusion moves molecules from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration.
Facilitated diffusion requires energy input to assist solutes in crossing the cell membrane.
Facilitated diffusion requires energy input to assist solutes in crossing the cell membrane.
Carrier proteins can change shape to transport large molecules across the membrane.
Carrier proteins can change shape to transport large molecules across the membrane.
The concentration gradient is eliminated when diffusion results in an equal concentration of molecules on both sides of the membrane.
The concentration gradient is eliminated when diffusion results in an equal concentration of molecules on both sides of the membrane.
Cells in a hypertonic solution will generally swell and burst.
Cells in a hypertonic solution will generally swell and burst.
Facilitated diffusion can occur without the aid of proteins in the cell membrane.
Facilitated diffusion can occur without the aid of proteins in the cell membrane.
Gated ion channels can open or close in response to stimuli like chemical signals.
Gated ion channels can open or close in response to stimuli like chemical signals.
An equilibrium in the diffusion process means that molecules continue to move but at equal rates in both directions.
An equilibrium in the diffusion process means that molecules continue to move but at equal rates in both directions.
Match the following processes with their correct descriptions:
Match the following processes with their correct descriptions:
Match the type of transport with its characteristics:
Match the type of transport with its characteristics:
Match the following terms with their relevant functions:
Match the following terms with their relevant functions:
Match the following types of solutions with their effects on cells:
Match the following types of solutions with their effects on cells:
Match the following molecules with their ability to cross cell membranes:
Match the following molecules with their ability to cross cell membranes:
Match the following types of proteins with their functions:
Match the following types of proteins with their functions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following scenarios with their outcomes:
Match the following scenarios with their outcomes:
Match the following ions with their roles in cellular functions:
Match the following ions with their roles in cellular functions:
Match the following features with their corresponding protein types:
Match the following features with their corresponding protein types:
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Study Notes
Diffusion and Facilitated Diffusion
- Diffusion: Movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration, driven by the concentration gradient until equilibrium is reached.
- Concentration Gradient: The difference in concentrations of molecules across areas.
- Equilibrium: Achieved when molecules are evenly distributed across a membrane, with equal rates of movement in both directions.
Facilitated Diffusion
- Involves transport proteins that assist in the movement of substances across the cell membrane.
- Passive Transport: Facilitated diffusion does not require energy, as substances move down their concentration gradients.
- Types of transport proteins:
- Channel Proteins: Create pores for molecules like water and ions to pass through quickly (e.g., aquaporins for water).
- Gated Channel Proteins: Open in response to specific stimuli (chemical, electrical) to allow molecules to pass.
- Carrier Proteins: Change shape to transport specific molecules across the membrane (important for glucose transport).
Ion Channels
- Allow selective movement of charged ions (sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride) across cell membranes.
- Gated Channels: Open or close based on stimuli, essential for cellular functions, especially in nerve cells.
Osmosis
- Osmosis: The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from areas of higher water concentration to lower water concentration.
- Tonicity:
- Hypertonic Solution: Higher solute concentration; water moves out of cells, causing them to shrink.
- Hypotonic Solution: Lower solute concentration; cells take in water, potentially leading to swelling or bursting.
- Isotonic Solution: Equal solute concentration; cells remain stable.
Osmotic Pressure
- Builds up as water enters a cell; helps maintain cell shape and support in plants.
- Plant cells become turgid in hypotonic environments but are prevented from over-expanding by their cell wall.
Controlling Osmosis
- Freshwater organisms employ mechanisms to control water intake (e.g., producing dilute urine) to prevent cell lysis.
- Contractile Vacuoles: Found in some freshwater protists; expel excess water to regulate osmotic pressure.
Active Transport
- Active Transport: Requires energy (ATP) to move substances against their concentration gradients (from low to high concentration).
- Mainly carried out by protein pumps in the membrane.
- Also enables transport of larger molecules via vesicle processes like endocytosis (into the cell) and exocytosis (out of the cell).
Homeostasis and Cell Function
- Homeostasis: The balance and maintenance of a stable internal environment within a cell.
- Dynamic equilibrium requires continuous adjustments in response to internal and external changes to stay near set points.
Diffusion and Facilitated Diffusion
- Diffusion: Movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration, driven by the concentration gradient until equilibrium is reached.
- Concentration Gradient: The difference in concentrations of molecules across areas.
- Equilibrium: Achieved when molecules are evenly distributed across a membrane, with equal rates of movement in both directions.
Facilitated Diffusion
- Involves transport proteins that assist in the movement of substances across the cell membrane.
- Passive Transport: Facilitated diffusion does not require energy, as substances move down their concentration gradients.
- Types of transport proteins:
- Channel Proteins: Create pores for molecules like water and ions to pass through quickly (e.g., aquaporins for water).
- Gated Channel Proteins: Open in response to specific stimuli (chemical, electrical) to allow molecules to pass.
- Carrier Proteins: Change shape to transport specific molecules across the membrane (important for glucose transport).
Ion Channels
- Allow selective movement of charged ions (sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride) across cell membranes.
- Gated Channels: Open or close based on stimuli, essential for cellular functions, especially in nerve cells.
Osmosis
- Osmosis: The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from areas of higher water concentration to lower water concentration.
- Tonicity:
- Hypertonic Solution: Higher solute concentration; water moves out of cells, causing them to shrink.
- Hypotonic Solution: Lower solute concentration; cells take in water, potentially leading to swelling or bursting.
- Isotonic Solution: Equal solute concentration; cells remain stable.
Osmotic Pressure
- Builds up as water enters a cell; helps maintain cell shape and support in plants.
- Plant cells become turgid in hypotonic environments but are prevented from over-expanding by their cell wall.
Controlling Osmosis
- Freshwater organisms employ mechanisms to control water intake (e.g., producing dilute urine) to prevent cell lysis.
- Contractile Vacuoles: Found in some freshwater protists; expel excess water to regulate osmotic pressure.
Active Transport
- Active Transport: Requires energy (ATP) to move substances against their concentration gradients (from low to high concentration).
- Mainly carried out by protein pumps in the membrane.
- Also enables transport of larger molecules via vesicle processes like endocytosis (into the cell) and exocytosis (out of the cell).
Homeostasis and Cell Function
- Homeostasis: The balance and maintenance of a stable internal environment within a cell.
- Dynamic equilibrium requires continuous adjustments in response to internal and external changes to stay near set points.
Diffusion and Facilitated Diffusion
- Diffusion: Movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration, driven by the concentration gradient until equilibrium is reached.
- Concentration Gradient: The difference in concentrations of molecules across areas.
- Equilibrium: Achieved when molecules are evenly distributed across a membrane, with equal rates of movement in both directions.
Facilitated Diffusion
- Involves transport proteins that assist in the movement of substances across the cell membrane.
- Passive Transport: Facilitated diffusion does not require energy, as substances move down their concentration gradients.
- Types of transport proteins:
- Channel Proteins: Create pores for molecules like water and ions to pass through quickly (e.g., aquaporins for water).
- Gated Channel Proteins: Open in response to specific stimuli (chemical, electrical) to allow molecules to pass.
- Carrier Proteins: Change shape to transport specific molecules across the membrane (important for glucose transport).
Ion Channels
- Allow selective movement of charged ions (sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride) across cell membranes.
- Gated Channels: Open or close based on stimuli, essential for cellular functions, especially in nerve cells.
Osmosis
- Osmosis: The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from areas of higher water concentration to lower water concentration.
- Tonicity:
- Hypertonic Solution: Higher solute concentration; water moves out of cells, causing them to shrink.
- Hypotonic Solution: Lower solute concentration; cells take in water, potentially leading to swelling or bursting.
- Isotonic Solution: Equal solute concentration; cells remain stable.
Osmotic Pressure
- Builds up as water enters a cell; helps maintain cell shape and support in plants.
- Plant cells become turgid in hypotonic environments but are prevented from over-expanding by their cell wall.
Controlling Osmosis
- Freshwater organisms employ mechanisms to control water intake (e.g., producing dilute urine) to prevent cell lysis.
- Contractile Vacuoles: Found in some freshwater protists; expel excess water to regulate osmotic pressure.
Active Transport
- Active Transport: Requires energy (ATP) to move substances against their concentration gradients (from low to high concentration).
- Mainly carried out by protein pumps in the membrane.
- Also enables transport of larger molecules via vesicle processes like endocytosis (into the cell) and exocytosis (out of the cell).
Homeostasis and Cell Function
- Homeostasis: The balance and maintenance of a stable internal environment within a cell.
- Dynamic equilibrium requires continuous adjustments in response to internal and external changes to stay near set points.
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