Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which cytoskeletal component requires ATP for polymerization?
Which cytoskeletal component requires ATP for polymerization?
What is the consequence of losing the GTP cap on a microtubule?
What is the consequence of losing the GTP cap on a microtubule?
Which motor protein is primarily responsible for transporting vesicles along microtubules?
Which motor protein is primarily responsible for transporting vesicles along microtubules?
What role does actin polymerization play in cellular function?
What role does actin polymerization play in cellular function?
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Which of the following proteins is NOT involved in actin structure?
Which of the following proteins is NOT involved in actin structure?
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Which cytoskeletal component has a stable structure and does not undergo dynamic assembly?
Which cytoskeletal component has a stable structure and does not undergo dynamic assembly?
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Which statement about microtubules is false?
Which statement about microtubules is false?
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What is the primary function of dynein in relation to microtubules?
What is the primary function of dynein in relation to microtubules?
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What is the main role of microtubules in cell division?
What is the main role of microtubules in cell division?
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How do intermediate filaments differ from actin and microtubules?
How do intermediate filaments differ from actin and microtubules?
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Which statement regarding the effects of Velban on malignant cells is correct?
Which statement regarding the effects of Velban on malignant cells is correct?
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What distinguishes cadherins from other cell adhesion molecules?
What distinguishes cadherins from other cell adhesion molecules?
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Which component is responsible for resilience in the extracellular matrix?
Which component is responsible for resilience in the extracellular matrix?
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During cell division, what is the consequence of using a microtubule inhibitor like Velban?
During cell division, what is the consequence of using a microtubule inhibitor like Velban?
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What is a key function of cadherins during cellular adhesion?
What is a key function of cadherins during cellular adhesion?
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What is the process called that allows actin monomers to assemble into filamentous actin?
What is the process called that allows actin monomers to assemble into filamentous actin?
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What structure does the leading edge of a crawling cell form?
What structure does the leading edge of a crawling cell form?
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Which statement correctly describes cranial nerve ganglia and axon fascicles in relation to nervous systems?
Which statement correctly describes cranial nerve ganglia and axon fascicles in relation to nervous systems?
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Which of the following describes a spinal nerve accurately?
Which of the following describes a spinal nerve accurately?
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Where are the cell bodies of lower motor neurons located?
Where are the cell bodies of lower motor neurons located?
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What type of nerve fibers are found in afferent pathways?
What type of nerve fibers are found in afferent pathways?
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Which part of the nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord?
Which part of the nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord?
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What type of signal do efferent neurons send?
What type of signal do efferent neurons send?
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How is innervation of skeletal musculature accomplished?
How is innervation of skeletal musculature accomplished?
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Which type of cytoskeletal filament is typically found under the plasma membrane?
Which type of cytoskeletal filament is typically found under the plasma membrane?
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What is the primary influence on the stability and arrangement of actin filaments?
What is the primary influence on the stability and arrangement of actin filaments?
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Which structure is identified as the microtubule organizing center in a cell?
Which structure is identified as the microtubule organizing center in a cell?
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Which actin-binding protein is primarily responsible for strengthening actin filaments?
Which actin-binding protein is primarily responsible for strengthening actin filaments?
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Where does the microtubule network exhibit a bright aggregation of filaments?
Where does the microtubule network exhibit a bright aggregation of filaments?
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Which function is NOT associated with actin-binding proteins?
Which function is NOT associated with actin-binding proteins?
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Which of the following options correctly pairs an actin-bundling protein with its function?
Which of the following options correctly pairs an actin-bundling protein with its function?
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What components make up the central nervous system?
What components make up the central nervous system?
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What is the primary component of the peripheral nervous system?
What is the primary component of the peripheral nervous system?
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What term refers to collections of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system?
What term refers to collections of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system?
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Which type of bond connects fatty acids to the glycerol backbone in fats?
Which type of bond connects fatty acids to the glycerol backbone in fats?
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Which lipid headgroup is absent in canonical glycerol-phospholipids?
Which lipid headgroup is absent in canonical glycerol-phospholipids?
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What is the main composition of the glycocalyx?
What is the main composition of the glycocalyx?
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Which description best fits the core of phospholipid bilayers?
Which description best fits the core of phospholipid bilayers?
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Which lipid motion is the fastest?
Which lipid motion is the fastest?
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Study Notes
Cytoskeletal Components
- Actin Filaments: Require ATP for polymerization and undergo treadmilling.
- Microtubules: Composed of tubulin, require GTP for polymerization; disassembly occurs with loss of the GTP cap.
- Intermediate Filaments: Provide structural stability and do not undergo dynamic assembly or disassembly; keratin is a type of intermediate filament.
Microtubule Dynamics
- Loss of the GTP cap leads to rapid disassembly of microtubules.
- Dynein is a motor protein that facilitates the movement of intracellular cargo along microtubules.
- Kinesin, another motor protein, assists in vesicle transport along microtubules.
Actin Polymerization Functions
- Controls changes in the physical state of the cytosol, transitioning between gel and sol states.
- Microtubules are responsible for chromosomal movement during cell division.
- Intermediate filaments provide structural integrity, contrasting with the dynamic nature of actin and microtubules.
Effects of Chemotherapy on Microtubules
- Velban inhibits microtubule formation, affecting the formation of the mitotic spindle and leading to cell mitotic arrest.
- Actin polymerization remains unaffected by Velban, continuing processes like F-actin formation.
Cadherins in Cell Adhesion
- Unique for their homophilic binding: they bind to other cadherins, facilitating cell-to-cell adhesion.
- Different from other adhesion molecules that may bind to non-cadherin ligands or mediate cell-matrix adhesion.
Cytoskeletal Filament Identification
- Identification in micrographs includes distinguishing features of actin microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.
- Actin microfilaments are primarily located beneath the plasma membrane, while microtubules are organized around centrosomes.
Properties of Actin Filaments
- Stability and function governed by actin-binding proteins, which play roles such as strengthening, bundling, and regulating transformation states (gel to sol).
- Myosin II family is involved in the sliding filament mechanism.
Nervous System Components
- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Composed of cranial and spinal nerves; contains ganglia where nerve cell bodies cluster.
- Central Nervous System (CNS): Made up of the brain and spinal cord; nerve fibers are termed tracts in the CNS and nerves in the PNS.
- Spinal nerves consist of both afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) axons.
Lipid Dynamics
- Flip-Flop Motion: Slowest lipid motion; requires proteins like flippases for lipid distribution across bilayers.
- Bond Formation: Ester bonds connect fatty acids to glycerol in fats.
- Glycocalyx: Primarily composed of carbohydrates like glycolipids and glycoproteins, forming a protective layer outside the cell membrane.
Phospholipid Characteristics
- The core of phospholipid bilayers is hydrophobic, facilitating the formation of lipid bilayers.
- Phospholipases, particularly type C, cleave phosphatidylinositol 4,5 bisphosphate, leading to the generation of inositol trisphosphate.
Fastest Lipid Motion
- Protrusion is the fastest motion among lipid movements, distinguishing it from other motions like lateral diffusion and rotational diffusion.
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Description
This quiz focuses on the key components of the cytoskeleton, specifically on the role of actin filaments. Participants will learn about the dynamic nature of these structures, their polymerization process, and their functional significance in cells.
