Cell Biology Concepts Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which modification process involves the addition of sugar molecules to proteins?

  • Phosphorylation
  • Glycosylation (correct)
  • Autophagy
  • Sulfation

What is the primary function of vesicles formed by the Golgi apparatus?

  • Generating energy for the cell
  • Digesting cellular waste
  • Transporting molecules to different parts of the cell or for secretion (correct)
  • Synthesizing lipids

In which cellular environment do lysosomal enzymes function at their best?

  • Neutral
  • Alkaline
  • Basic
  • Acidic (correct)

What is the key difference between primary and secondary lysosomes?

<p>Primary lysosomes are still not participating in cellular digestion, while secondary lysosomes are involved in cellular digestion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these processes describes the engulfment of large, solid particles like bacteria by a cell?

<p>Phagocytosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the size range of most human cells?

<p>1 to 100 μm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is a smaller cell size advantageous for cellular function?

<p>Smaller cells have a larger surface area to volume ratio, facilitating exchange of materials. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell is specifically adapted for storing lipids?

<p>Fat cell (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular component is responsible for containing the cell's genetic material?

<p>Nucleus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the arrangement of DNA in a prokaryotic cell?

<p>Located in a nucleoid region, not membrane-enclosed. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?

<p>Eukaryotic cells are membrane-enclosed and contain a nucleus, while prokaryotes do not. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of epithelial cells?

<p>Protection and absorption (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the long axon found in nerve cells?

<p>To transmit messages (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key distinction between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells regarding organelles?

<p>Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells generally do not. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical size range of a prokaryotic cell?

<p>1-10 µm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells?

<p>Chloroplast (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the central vacuole in older plant cells?

<p>Storage, breakdown of waste, and hydrolysis of macromolecules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structural component is unique to plant cells and provides them with shape and protection?

<p>Cell wall (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is present in animal cells and NOT in plant cells and from which microtubules originate?

<p>Centrosome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of lysosomes in animal cells?

<p>Digestion of macromolecules (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular structure in animal cells is often associated with cell movement such as sperm cells?

<p>Flagellum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the double membrane that encloses the nucleus?

<p>Nuclear envelope (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where in a eukaryotic cell are ribosomes assembled?

<p>Nucleus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the nuclear pore complex?

<p>To regulate the movement of molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes chromatin?

<p>The complex of DNA and proteins that make up chromosomes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main distinction between heterochromatin and euchromatin?

<p>Heterochromatin is tightly packed and transcriptionally inactive, while euchromatin is less compact and transcriptionally active. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the nucleolus?

<p>To synthesizes ribosomal RNA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are ribosomes composed of?

<p>Ribosomal RNA and protein (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the structural relationship between the large and small ribosomal subunits?

<p>The large subunit sits on top of the small subunit, with an RNA template sandwiched between them (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of the endomembrane system?

<p>Mitochondria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the endomembrane system?

<p>To modify, package, and transport proteins and lipids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a direct connection within the endomembrane system?

<p>The connection between the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the nuclear envelope (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of transport vesicles within the endomembrane system?

<p>To transport molecules between organelles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) in liver cells?

<p>Detoxification of drugs and poisons. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is directly responsible for the synthesis of proteins that are destined for secretion from the cell?

<p>Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER). (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of chaperones within the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)?

<p>To aid in the proper folding of proteins. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between the nuclear envelope and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

<p>The space between the two membranes of the nuclear envelope is continuous with the lumen of the ER. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells would have an abundance of Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)?

<p>Muscle cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Cis-cisternae in the Golgi apparatus?

<p>Receives newly synthesized proteins from the RER. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of cells is the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) abundant?

<p>Pancreatic cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure is formed in the trans face of the Golgi apparatus?

<p>Secretory Vesicles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) contribute to?

<p>Metabolism of carbohydrates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main structural difference between the RER and SER?

<p>The rough endoplasmic reticulum has attached ribosomes, the smooth does not. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the nuclear envelope?

<p>To control the movement of molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the endoplasmic reticulum?

<p>To synthesize lipids and proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?

<p>Lipid and steroid hormone synthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Golgi apparatus in the cell?

<p>To modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key adaptation of muscle cells related to their function?

<p>They are elongated and shorten during contraction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between cell size and surface area to volume ratio?

<p>As the cell volume increases, the surface area to volume ratio decreases. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the nucleoid region of a prokaryotic cell from the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell?

<p>The nucleoid is not enclosed by a membrane, while the nucleus is. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic distinguishes a eukaryotic cell from a prokaryotic cell?

<p>Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus that has a double membrane. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the small size of most cells?

<p>To allow easy transport of molecules inside the cell and adequate surface area for material exchange. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a cell's volume increases, but the surface area does not increase proportionally, what is a resulting consequence?

<p>The cell's ability to exchange materials decreases. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are sperm cells structurally adapted for their specific function?

<p>They have a tail (flagellum) to move. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these correctly describes the composition of a cell's protoplasm?

<p>Cytoplasm and nucleoplasm. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of lysosomes in animal cells?

<p>Digesting macromolecules and spent organelles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately differentiates primary lysosomes from secondary lysosomes?

<p>Secondary lysosomes arise from the fusion of primary lysosomes with phagosomes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does phosphorylation modify proteins within the cell?

<p>By adding phosphate groups to the protein structure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of vesicles formed by the Golgi apparatus?

<p>To transport molecules to different cellular destinations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process describes the recycling of a cell's own organic material by lysosomes?

<p>Autophagy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)?

<p>Synthesis of steroid hormones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is continuous with the lumen of the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?

<p>Nuclear envelope (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)?

<p>Has ribosomes attached to its surface (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the Golgi apparatus play in protein processing?

<p>Modification and packaging of proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell is most likely to have abundant Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)?

<p>Pancreatic cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main structural characteristics of Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)?

<p>Curved, tubular structures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does protein glycosylation primarily occur?

<p>In the trans face of the Golgi apparatus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process is the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) primarily involved in?

<p>Protein folding and modification (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What component of the Golgi apparatus receives newly synthesized proteins from the Rough ER?

<p>Cis-cisternae (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the primary function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) in muscle cells?

<p>Storage of calcium ions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is primarily responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells?

<p>Chloroplast (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure differentiates plant cells from animal cells by maintaining cell shape and protecting against mechanical damage?

<p>Cell wall (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is dedicated to the digestion of macromolecules in animal cells?

<p>Lysosome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily contains the genetic material of a eukaryotic cell?

<p>Nucleus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What connects the two membranes of the nuclear envelope?

<p>Perinuclear space (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is absent in animal cells but present in plant cells?

<p>Chloroplasts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle in eukaryotic cells is responsible for synthesizing ribosomes?

<p>Nucleolus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of animal cells?

<p>Cell wall (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) in eukaryotic cells?

<p>Synthesis of secretory proteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What are organisms made of?

All living organisms are made of cells, the smallest functional unit of life in the human body.

Cell size

Most cells are microscopic, meaning they are too small to be seen with the naked eye.

What is the typical size of a cell?

Cells generally range in size from 1 to 100 micrometers in diameter.

Specialized cells

Cells have similar structures but are modified to perform specific functions.

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Cell Shape and Function

The size and shape of a cell are related to its function.

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Why do cells have a small size?

Smaller cells have a larger surface area to volume ratio, allowing for more efficient transport of molecules.

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What are the components of a cell?

The cell is the basic unit of life, containing cytoplasm, a nucleus and organelles.

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What does the cell membrane do?

The cell membrane is a selectively permeable barrier that controls what enters and leaves the cell.

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Organelles and membrane-bound organelles in prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells

Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells have them. Think of a simple house (prokaryotic) versus a house with many rooms (eukaryotic).

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Size difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Prokaryotic cells are smaller than eukaryotic cells, usually ranging in size from 1 to 10 micrometers, while eukaryotic cells are larger, ranging from 10 to 100 micrometers.

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Key differences between plant and animal cells

Plant cells have chloroplasts, central vacuoles, and cell walls, while animal cells do not.

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What are chloroplasts?

Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells that convert light energy into chemical energy through photosynthesis.

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What is the central vacuole?

The central vacuole is a large, fluid-filled sac found in plant cells that stores water, nutrients, and waste products. It also helps maintain cell shape and rigidity.

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What is the cell wall?

The cell wall is a rigid, protective outer layer found in plant cells that provides support and shape. It is made of cellulose, a strong carbohydrate.

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What is the nucleus?

The nucleus is the control center of a eukaryotic cell, containing the cell's genetic material (DNA) and directing cell activities.

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What are ribosomes?

Ribosomes are cellular machines responsible for protein synthesis, using instructions from the DNA found within the nucleus.

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What is the nuclear envelope?

The nuclear envelope is a double membrane that surrounds the nucleus, controlling what enters and exits. It has pores that allow for the passage of molecules like RNA.

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What is the perinuclear space?

The perinuclear space is the thin space located between the two layers of the nuclear envelope. It is connected to the rough endoplasmic reticulum, which is involved in protein synthesis and transport.

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Glycosylation

A process where sugar molecules are attached to proteins, forming glycoproteins. This modification affects protein function and structure.

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Phosphorylation

The addition of phosphate groups to proteins, often regulating their activity. Like a switch, it can turn a protein 'on' or 'off'.

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Vesicle Formation

Vesicles are tiny membrane-bound sacs that transport molecules within the cell or release them outside. Like tiny delivery trucks.

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Phagocytosis

The process of engulfing and breaking down large particles, such as bacteria, using lysosomes. Like a cell's 'garbage disposal'.

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Autophagy

A process where cells breakdown their worn-out components using lysosomes. Like a cell's 'recycling program'.

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What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?

A network of interconnected membranous tubules and flattened sacs called cisternae.

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How is the ER connected to the nucleus?

The ER membrane is continuous with the nuclear envelope, connecting the lumen of the ER to the space between the nuclear envelope's membranes.

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What is the difference between Smooth ER (SER) and Rough ER (RER)?

Smooth ER lacks attached ribosomes, giving it a smooth appearance.

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What is the difference between Smooth ER (SER) and Rough ER (RER)?

RER has ribosomes attached to its surface, giving it a rough appearance.

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What are the functions of SER?

SER is abundant in cells that synthesize lipids, steroid hormones, and detoxify substances.

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What are the functions of RER?

RER is abundant in cells that synthesize proteins, such as pancreatic and plasma cells.

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What are the specific functions of SER?

SER plays a role in carbohydrate metabolism, detoxification of drugs and poisons, and storage of calcium ions, especially in muscle cells.

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What are the specific functions of RER?

RER synthesizes proteins using attached ribosomes, packages these proteins into transport vesicles, and modifies proteins by adding carbohydrates or lipids.

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What is the Golgi apparatus?

The Golgi apparatus is a stack of curved, flattened membranous sacs called cisternae.

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What are the different faces of the Golgi apparatus?

The Golgi apparatus has three faces: cis-cisternae, medial cisternae, and trans-cisternae, each with unique functions.

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What are Nuclear Pore Complexes?

The nuclear envelope has openings called nuclear pore complexes, which are made of proteins and regulate the passage of molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm.

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What are Chromosomes?

Chromosomes are structures that carry genetic information in the form of DNA. Each chromosome consists of a long DNA molecule tightly packaged with proteins.

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What is Chromatin?

Chromatin is a complex of DNA and proteins that make up chromosomes. It exists in two forms: euchromatin (active form) and heterochromatin (inactive form).

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What are the types of Ribosomes?

Free ribosomes float freely in the cytoplasm, while attached ribosomes are bound to the endoplasmic reticulum or the nuclear envelope.

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What is the Endomembrane System?

The endomembrane system is a group of organelles in eukaryotic cells that cooperate to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins. It includes the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles and vacuoles, and the plasma membrane.

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How is the Endomembrane System connected?

Organelles in the endomembrane system are connected either directly, like the connection between the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the nuclear envelope, or indirectly through vesicles.

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What are Transport Vesicles?

Transport vesicles are small membrane sacs that bud off from the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and fuse with the Golgi apparatus.

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Why is the Endomembrane System important?

The endomembrane system plays a crucial role in the synthesis, modification, and transport of proteins and lipids, contributing to the cell's overall function.

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What are cells?

All living organisms are made up of cells, the basic unit of life. They are typically microscopic, measuring between 1 and 100 micrometers in diameter.

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How are cells specialized?

Cells are adapted to perform specific functions. This means they have unique shapes and sizes depending on their job. For example, nerve cells have long extensions to transmit signals.

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Why are cells small?

Smaller cells have a larger surface area compared to their volume. This allows for efficient transport of molecules in and out of the cell.

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What is the cell membrane?

The cell membrane is a thin barrier that surrounds the cell. It controls what goes in and out, acting like a gatekeeper.

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What is cytoplasm?

Cytoplasm is the gel-like substance inside the cell that contains organelles. It's where most of the cell's activities occur.

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What are organelles?

Organelles are specialized structures within a cell that perform specific functions. Think of them as mini-organs within the cell.

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What are the two major types of cells?

Eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus enclosed by a membrane, whereas prokaryotic cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus. Eukaryotic cells are generally larger and more complex.

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Nucleus: Ribosome synthesis

The site where ribosomes, the protein-making machinery of cells, are assembled.

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Nucleus: Genetic material

The nucleus holds most of a cell's DNA, containing the blueprints for making all the cell's proteins and enzymes.

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Nuclear envelope

A double membrane that envelops the nucleus, separating the nucleus from the cytoplasm of the cell.

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Perinuclear space

The space between the two membranes of the nuclear envelope, connected to the internal space of the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

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Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

This organelle is made up of a network of interconnected membranes, playing a crucial role in the production and transport of proteins and lipids within the cell.

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Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

The type of ER that has ribosomes attached to its surface, giving it a rough appearance. It plays a key role in protein synthesis and modification.

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Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

The type of ER that lacks attached ribosomes, appearing smooth. It plays a critical role in the synthesis of lipids and steroids, as well as the detoxification of harmful substances.

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Golgi apparatus

A stack of flat, membrane-enclosed sacs that receives proteins and lipids from the ER, further processes them, sorts them, and packages them into vesicles for transport within or outside the cell.

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Vesicles

Small membrane-bound sacs that transport substances within the cell or release them outside. Think of them as delivery trucks.

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Lysosomes

A membrane-enclosed organelle containing enzymes that break down cellular waste products, engulf and destroy harmful bacteria, and recycle cellular components.

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What are lysosomes?

Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles containing enzymes that break down cellular waste, engulf harmful bacteria, and recycle cellular components.

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What is phagocytosis?

The process by which a cell engulfs large solid particles, such as bacteria.

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What is autophagy?

The process where a cell uses lysosomes to break down its own worn-out components.

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What is a nucleolus?

The nucleolus is a structure found within the nucleus where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is synthesized. Ribosomes are essential for protein synthesis.

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What are vesicles?

Vesicles are small membrane-bound sacs that transport molecules within the cell or release them outside. They act like tiny delivery trucks.

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What are vacuoles?

Vacuoles are large, fluid-filled sacs that store water, nutrients, and waste products. They help maintain cell shape and rigidity, especially in plant cells.

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What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A network of membranous tubules and flattened sacs called cisternae. The ER membrane is continuous with the nuclear envelope, and the space between the two membranes is continuous with the lumen of the ER.

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What are secretory vesicles?

Secretory vesicles are membrane-bound sacs that bud off from the Golgi apparatus. They transport proteins, lipids, and other molecules to the plasma membrane for secretion outside the cell.

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What is the role of the ER and Golgi apparatus in the cell?

The ER is responsible for synthesizing lipids, steroids, and proteins. These molecules are crucial for cell function and growth. The Golgi apparatus modifies and packages these molecules for further use.

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How are the ER and Golgi apparatus connected?

The ER is directly connected to the nuclear envelope, allowing for the continuous flow of molecules. The Golgi apparatus receives proteins from the ER via vesicles, indirectly connecting them.

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Study Notes

Cell Structure and Function

  • All organisms are made of cells; the basic unit of the human body.
  • Most cells are microscopic.
  • Cells are limited in size, typically between 1 and 100 µm in diameter.
  • Cells similar in structure, but modified for specialized functions.
  • Nerve cells are often very long for signal transmission.
  • Egg cells (ova) are among the biggest cells.
  • Cell size and shape relate to cellular function.

Cell Size and Shape Examples

  • Fat cells are modified for lipid storage.
  • Nerve cells have long axons for transmitting messages.
  • Muscle cells exhibit elongation for contraction.
  • Epithelial cells are polyhedral or rectangular for forming protective layers and absorption.
  • White blood cells (WBCs) change shape for movement and immune response.
  • Sperm cells have tails (flagella) for movement.

Cell Size: Why It Matters

  • Small cells facilitate easy transport of molecules within the cell.
  • Smaller cells have a larger surface area-to-volume ratio, enabling better exchange of materials.
  • As cell volume increases, surface area cannot proportionally increase, limiting cell size for efficient function.

Eukaryotic Cell Structure

  • Eukaryotic cells include cytoplasm and nucleoplasm.
  • Cytoplasm comprises cytosol and organelles (excluding the nucleus).
  • All cells have a plasma membrane that acts as a selective barrier.
  • All cells contain a nucleus that holds the DNA chromosomes.
  • All eukaryotic cells have organelles (like mitochondria, Golgi bodies, and ribosomes).

Types of Cells

  • Two main cell types exist: prokaryotic and eukaryotic.
  • Prokaryotic cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus and other organelles.
  • Eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus and various organelles.
  • Prokaryotic cells are smaller (1-10 µm) than eukaryotic cells (10-100 µm).

Plant Cell vs Animal Cell Differences

  • Plant cells often have chloroplasts for photosynthesis, central vacuoles for storage, and a cell wall for structure and protection.
  • Animal cells lack chloroplasts, central vacuoles, and cell walls but contain centrioles, lysosomes, and flagella.
  • Plant cells also can have plasmodesmata.
  • Animal cells typically have a centrosome and cilia/flagella

The Nucleus

  • The nucleus acts as a control center containing the genetic material.
  • It is the site of ribosome synthesis (protein assembler).
  • It is enclosed by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope, separating the nucleoplasm from the cytoplasm.
  • Thin spaces between the nuclear layers are called perinuclear space.
  • The thin space, the perinuclear space, connects to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
  • Chromatin is the complex of DNA and proteins forming chromosomes.
  • Euchromatin is active chromatin while Heterochromatin is inactive chromatin.
  • Inside the nucleus, there is the nucleolus where rRNA (ribosomal RNA) is produced.

Ribosomes

  • Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis.
  • Made up of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and protein.
  • Consist of a small and a large subunit, with the rRNA sandwiched between them.
  • Can be free in the cytoplasm or bound to the endoplasmic reticulum or the nuclear envelope.

Endomembrane System

  • A group of membranes working together in eukaryotic cells to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins.
  • Includes: nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, and plasma membrane.
  • Connections between these components are either direct or indirect via vesicles.
    • Vesicles move substances between organelles.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

  • Network of membranes (tubules and flattened sacs called cisternae)
  • Continuous with the nuclear envelope
  • Two types of ER: - Smooth ER (SER): No ribosomes. Synthesis of lipids, steroid hormones, carbohydrate metabolism, detoxification, calcium storage in muscle cells. - Rough ER (RER): Covered with ribosomes. Protein synthesis, folding, and modification; lipid and carbohydrate processing, transport

Golgi Apparatus

  • Curved, flattened sacs called cisternae with three faces (cis, medial, trans)
  • Processes and packages proteins and lipids from the ER.
  • Involved in glycosylation (adding sugars to proteins).
  • Forms vesicles for transport to other cell parts.

Lysosomes

  • Membranous sacs with hydrolytic enzymes that digest macromolecules, worn-out organelles, and foreign particles.
  • Function best in the acidic environment inside the lysosomes,
  • Produced by budding off the Golgi apparatus.
  • Lysosomes are involved in autophagy and phagocytosis

Peroxisomes

  • Small membrane-bound organelles containing enzymes that degrade fatty acids, detoxify harmful substances, and produce hydrogen peroxide.
  • Abundant in the liver and kidneys.

Proteasomes

  • Small protein complexes responsible for degrading proteins, including misfolded, damaged, or no longer needed ones.

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