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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the apoptotic checkpoint after the G2 phase?
What is the primary function of the apoptotic checkpoint after the G2 phase?
The spindle assembly checkpoint occurs during anaphase.
The spindle assembly checkpoint occurs during anaphase.
False
What happens during prophase in mitosis?
What happens during prophase in mitosis?
The chromosomes coil, thicken, and the nuclear envelope breaks down
The space between sister chromatids is called a __________.
The space between sister chromatids is called a __________.
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Match the following checkpoints with their functions:
Match the following checkpoints with their functions:
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What is the primary composition of microtubules?
What is the primary composition of microtubules?
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Microfilaments are long, thin rods composed of many molecules of tubulin.
Microfilaments are long, thin rods composed of many molecules of tubulin.
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What role does the plasma membrane play in cellular communication?
What role does the plasma membrane play in cellular communication?
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Microtubules are considered __________ because they are water-fearing.
Microtubules are considered __________ because they are water-fearing.
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Match the following cytoskeletal elements to their characteristics:
Match the following cytoskeletal elements to their characteristics:
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Study Notes
Cell Cycle Checkpoints
- Furrow represents space between sister chromatids during cell division.
- Apoptosis checkpoint in G2 phase ensures cells are not damaged; damaged cells undergo programmed cell death.
- Spindle assembly checkpoint during metaphase verifies chromosome attachment and alignment to spindle apparatus.
Mitosis Overview
- Prophase marks the first stage of mitosis, during which chromosomes coil, shorten, and thicken for easier separation.
- Spindle fibers assemble, centrioles appear, and the nuclear envelope breaks down, setting the stage for further mitotic processes.
Mammalian Cells and Cytoskeleton
- Mammalian cells in culture involve hydrophobic microtubules made of tubulin, enabling various cellular movements.
- Microfilaments, composed of actin, help form a structural framework and aid in cellular functions.
- Intermediate filaments provide structural stability, particularly abundant in nerve and skin cells.
Plasma Membrane Functions
- The plasma membrane aids in cellular communication via signal transduction, detecting and transmitting signals.
- Cellular adhesion is crucial for self-renewal processes leading to differentiation and tissue repair.
Bacterial Overview
- Bacteria are the most prevalent organisms on Earth, characterized as single-celled prokaryotes lacking a nucleus.
Differences Between Cell Types
- Prokaryotic cells lack organelles and a defined nucleus; eukaryotic cells contain organelles that perform specialized functions.
- Nucleus is a double-membraned structure containing DNA and RNA, crucial for cellular function and gene expression.
Major Macromolecules
- Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are essential macromolecules comprising cell structure and serving as energy sources.
- Carbohydrates provide energy and support structural integrity.
- Lipids are key components of membranes, hormones, and energy storage.
- Proteins function in various roles, including enzymatic activity and immune response.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- Smooth ER is vital for protein synthesis, lipid synthesis, and acts as a quality control center for cellular processes.
Exosomes
- Exosomes are vesicles involved in intercellular transport, facilitating communication by carrying proteins, lipids, and RNA.
- They are approximately 30-100 nanometers in diameter and play a role in immune response management.
Intracellular Digestion
- Faulty signal transduction or cellular adhesion can lead to health issues such as cancer, characterized by abnormal cell adhesion and invasion of healthy tissues.
Cytoskeleton Structure
- The cytoskeleton is a meshwork of proteins providing structural support, cell shape, and positioning.
- Consists of dynamic proteins that can be regularly broken down and rebuilt according to cellular activity.
Programmed Cell Death (Apoptosis)
- Apoptosis, translated as "leaves falling from a tree," is a regulated process crucial for development and maintenance.
- It works in synchrony with mitosis, ensuring the equitable distribution of chromosomes to daughter cells.
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Description
Explore the crucial check points in the cell cycle, focusing on the furrow between sister chromatids and the apoptosis checkpoint after the G2 phase. This quiz will test your understanding of how cells ensure their DNA is correctly made and not damaged. Perfect for students studying cell biology.
