Cell Biology Chapter Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of cilia?

  • To move the whole cell or organism (correct)
  • To produce energy for the cell
  • To store genetic information
  • To increase the surface area of cells

    • What is the difference in structure between cilia and flagella?

  • Only cilia contain microtubules
  • Flagella are longer and fewer in number than cilia (correct)
  • Flagella are responsible for the beating movements, while cilia are not
  • Cilia are longer and more numerous than flagella

    • Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of microvilli?

  • They increase the surface area of cells
  • They are finger-like projections
  • They are responsible for the beating movements of cells (correct)
  • They are found in the small intestine

    • Which of the following best describes the structure of a phospholipid molecule?

    <p>A single molecule with a hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical arrangement of microtubules found within both cilia and flagella?

    <p>9 + 2 arrangement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the hydrophobic center of the cell membrane?

    <p>To prevent free movement of water and polar molecules (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of microvilli in the small intestine?

    <p>Absorption of nutrients (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of cell membranes?

    <p>Phospholipids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'fluid mosaic model' refer to?

    <p>The continuous movement and swapping of phospholipids in the membrane (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean for a membrane to be "selectively permeable"?

    <p>It allows some materials to pass through while restricting others (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the protein carriers in the cell membrane?

    <p>To facilitate the movement of specific molecules across the membrane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the cell membrane described as selectively permeable?

    <p>It only allows certain molecules to pass through (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organelles is enclosed by a single membrane?

    <p>Golgi apparatus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main consequence of disrupting the structure of the cell membrane?

    <p>Loss of structural integrity and function (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the shape of the majority of proteins found in the cell membrane?

    <p>Globular and spherical (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do globular proteins in the cell membrane contribute to transport?

    <p>By binding to specific molecules and facilitating their movement across the membrane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of glycoproteins and glycolipids on the cell surface membrane?

    <p>To facilitate cell-to-cell recognition and tissue formation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of transport protein?

    <p>Recognition protein (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of solution does water move into the cell?

    <p>Hypotonic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration?

    <p>Diffusion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is TRUE about passive transport?

    <p>It does not require energy input (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a carrier protein?

    <p>To bind to specific molecules and transport them across the membrane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a hypertonic and a hypotonic solution?

    <p>A hypertonic solution has a higher concentration of solutes than a hypotonic solution (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of mitosis?

    <p>To create two daughter cells with identical chromosomes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the S (synthetic) phase of interphase?

    <p>DNA is duplicated. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about meiosis is correct?

    <p>It helps in the formation of gametes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the cell cycle comes after G1 phase?

    <p>S phase. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the G2 phase of the cell cycle?

    <p>The cell prepares for mitosis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cells that have exited the cell cycle enter which phase?

    <p>G0 phase. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes cells formed during mitosis in terms of chromosome number?

    <p>They share identical chromosome number and genetic content with the mother cell. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a phase of interphase?

    <p>G3 phase. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the Müllerian ducts develop into in females?

    <p>Fallopian tubes, uterus, and upper vagina (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does Müllerian inhibiting substance (MIS) play in females?

    <p>Indicates ovarian reserve size (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is gametogenesis primarily involved in?

    <p>Formation of gametes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gamete is typically non-mobile and larger?

    <p>Ovum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of forming male gametes called?

    <p>Spermatogenesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must the female gamete be competent for?

    <p>Fertilization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the reduction of chromosome number important in gametogenesis?

    <p>To maintain species chromosome number (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of testing MIS levels in women undergoing IVF treatment?

    <p>To predict responsiveness to stimulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the DNA content during the S phase of the cell cycle preceding meiosis?

    <p>It doubles to 4n (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant characteristic observed during metaphase I of meiosis?

    <p>Homologous pairs of chromosomes line up on the equatorial plate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of meiosis is similar to the telophase of mitosis?

    <p>Telophase I (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many daughter cells result from one complete meiotic division?

    <p>Four daughter cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the resulting cells of meiosis from those of mitosis?

    <p>Meiosis produces haploid cells that are genetically distinct (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during anaphase I of meiosis?

    <p>Homologous chromosomes separate to opposite poles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does meiosis II not involve an S phase?

    <p>DNA does not need to be replicated again (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase includes the formation of chiasmata?

    <p>Prophase I (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Biology

    • Biology is the science that studies living organisms and their interactions with each other and their environments.
    • Biology encompasses many branches and sub-disciplines, including molecular biology, microbiology, neurobiology, zoology, and botany.
    • Living organisms share key properties such as order, sensitivity, reproduction, growth, development, regulation, homeostasis, and energy processing.

    The Chemical Foundation Of Life

    • All matter, including living organisms, is composed of elements in various combinations.
    • Common elements in living organisms include carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and phosphorus.
    • These elements form the building blocks of all biological molecules (nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids).
    • Oxygen (O), carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and nitrogen (N) are present in high percentages in living organisms.
    • Elements in living organisms are present in different percentages compared to non-living world.

    Properties Of Life

    • All living organisms share common characteristics (order, sensitivity/response, reproduction, adaptation, growth/development, regulation, homeostasis, energy processing, and evolution).
    • Organisms are highly organized, starting from atoms and molecules. Increasing complexity in organisms is exhibited through the formation of organelles, cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems.
    • Organisms respond to stimuli (both internal and external).
    • Organisms reproduce to create new organisms of the same species.
    • Living organisms adapt to their specific environment through changes.
    • All living organisms grow and develop.
    • Living things regulate functions by maintaining internal conditions (homeostasis).
    • Living organisms take energy from their environment to conduct life-processes.
    • Organisms evolve over time, changing in characteristics.

    Levels Of Organization Of Living Things

    • Living things are organized in a hierarchy from atoms to biosphere.
    • This hierarchy includes atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, and the biosphere.

    Biological Macromolecules

    • Food provides the body with critical nutrients for survival in the form of biological macromolecules.
    • These macromolecules (polymers) are built from smaller organic molecules (monomers).
    • Major classes of biological macromolecules include: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

    Cytology

    • A cell is the basic unit of life.
    • All cells share four basic components : plasma membrane, cytoplasm (containing cytosol), DNA, and ribosomes.
    • There are two types of cells: prokaryotic and eukaryotic.
    • Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles, whereas eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and various organelles
    • Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria, ribosomes, peroxisome and other organelles.
    • Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ in structure and the presence or absence of membrane- bound organelles.

    Cell Components

    • Nucleus contains genetic material (DNA) and directs cell activities
    • Cytoplasm includes cytosol and various organelles with different specialized functions
    • Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is involved in protein and lipid synthesis.
    • Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages cell products.
    • Mitochondria produce ATP (cellular energy).
    • Ribosomes synthesize proteins.
    • Lysosomes digest cellular waste and debris.
    • Peroxisomes break down fatty acids.
    • Cytoskeleton provides structural support and facilitates cell movement.
    • Centrioles play a role in cell division.
    • Cilia and flagella aid in cell movement.
    • Microvilli increase the surface area for absorption.

    Cell Cycle

    • The cell cycle is a series of events that prepares a cell for division.
    • The cell cycle is divided into two major parts; interphase, which is a long period during which the cell increases its size and contents by duplicating its DNA, and mitosis, which is a shorter period during which the cell divides its nucleus and cytoplasm,
    • Interphase is divided into G1, S, and G2 phases.
    • Mitosis is a process that results in two identical daughter cells with the same chromosome number.
    • The processes of mitosis are Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.
    • Meiosis is a special type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half
    • Meiosis is divided into Meiosis I and II. Two types of cells result from meiosis.

    Gametogenesis

    • Gametogenesis is the development of gametes through the process of meiosis.
    • Spermatogenesis involves the production of sperm in the testes of males.
    • Oogenesis involves the production of ova in the ovaries of females

    Histology Of Tissues

    • Epithelial tissue forms outer coverings and linings.
    • Connective tissue binds other tissues together and provides support.
    • Muscle tissue contracts to produce movement.
    • Nervous tissue transmits signals throughout the body.

    Principles of Heredity

    • Genetic traits are passed from parents to offspring in specific patterns.
    • The principles of segregation and independent assortment describe how these traits are inherited.

    The Chromosome Theory Of Inheritance

    • Genes are located on chromosomes which segregate during meiosis explaining Mendel's principles.
    • Non-disjunction during meiosis can lead to disorders like Down syndrome and abnormal chromosome numbers.

    Molecular Genetics

    • DNA is the genetic material, containing the sequence of bases that controls the synthesis of proteins.
    • DNA replication follows a semi-conservative model, with each new DNA molecule containing one original strand and one newly synthesized.
    • The central dogma describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein.
    • Transcription produces mRNA from DNA, while translation converts mRNA into protein.
    • Mutations in DNA can alter the genetic code, potentially affecting the characteristics of an organism.

    Environmental effects on gene expression

    • Environmental factors influence phenotypic expression.
    • Expressivity: Degree of expression of a genotype
    • Penetrance: Proportion of individuals with a particular genotype that exhibit the associated phenotype

    Polygenic Inheritance

    • Many traits are influenced by multiple genes, exhibiting continuous variation.
    • Height and other traits exhibit continuous variation.

    Other Topics

    • Pleiotropy: one gene affects multiple traits

    • Multiple Genes: various genes contribute to the phenotype via interaction or epistasis.

    • Genetic Mutations: changes in DNA base pair sequence that can alter the protein product

    • Linkage of Genes: genes located close together on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together.

    • Chromosome Abnormalities: can include deletion, duplication, inversion, and translocation

    • DNA Replication: the process of copying DNA using the original strand as a template

    • Protein Synthesis: the process of building proteins at the ribosome using the code in mRNA.

    • Blood Typing: classifies blood by antigens on the surface of red blood cells, crucial in transfusions.

    • Rh Blood Groups: another set of antigens, leading to problems in some pregnancies; important in blood transfusions.

    • Immunological system: describes the system responsible for recognizing and eliminating pathogens.

    • Principles of the Immune System: describe the system of immune responses in vertebrates, summarizing the different cell types and roles involved

    • Immunity: acquired immunity, innate immunity (cells and response to pathogens).

    • The Cardio-Vascular system: circulatory system in vertebrates

    • The Heart: the structure and function of the heart are explained.

    • Blood vessels: arteries, veins, capillaries

    • Patterns of circulation.

    • Blood pressure.

    • Lymph system

    • Body plans (asymmetry, radial, bilateral)

    • Homeostasis: regulation and maintenance of internal conditions in animals.

    • Neural control of thermoregulation.

    • Thermoregulation: mechanisms that control animal body temperature

    • The Respiratory system: gas exchange and respiration

    • The Excretory System

    • The Endocrine system: hormones controlling development , processes, and behaviors.

    • Digestive system

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on key concepts of cell biology, including the roles of cilia, flagella, microvilli, and cell membranes. This quiz covers structural differences, functions, and the fluid mosaic model, providing a comprehensive review of cellular components and their characteristics.

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