Cell Biology: Cell Division

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Questions and Answers

What is diffusion as it relates to cell function?

  • Movement of substances from high to low concentration (correct)
  • Movement of nutrients into the nucleus
  • Movement of substances from low to high concentration
  • Movement of water only

Osmosis refers specifically to the diffusion of water across the cell membrane.

True (A)

What are the main stages of the cell cycle?

Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis

The structure that organizes spindle fibers during cell division is called __________.

<p>centrioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following stages of the cell cycle with their descriptions:

<p>Interphase = Cell grows and prepares for division Mitosis = Nucleus and genetic material divide Cytokinesis = Division of cytoplasm G1 phase = Rapid growth and cell activity during interphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase involves the chemical synthesis of DNA?

<p>S phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Only somatic cells undergo the cell cycle.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of interphase involves the replication of DNA?

<p>S (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The mitotic phase consists of three distinct stages: Prophase, Metaphase, and Anaphase.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main products of the G1 phase of interphase?

<p>New molecules required for cell growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the anaphase stage of mitosis, chromosomes separate at the ______.

<p>centromere</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the phases of mitosis with their descriptions:

<p>Prophase = Chromatin condenses and spindle fibers form Metaphase = Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate Anaphase = Sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles Telophase = Nuclear membrane reforms around separated chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the G2 phase of interphase?

<p>Cell prepares for mitosis by synthesizing more molecules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sister chromatids are identical copies of the original DNA.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the four phases of mitosis in order.

<p>Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

The phase of the cell cycle where the cell is performing its 'everyday job' is known as ______.

<p>Interphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly identifies the stages of the cell cycle?

<p>Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All cells undergo mitosis as a form of division.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of cytokinesis?

<p>To divide the cytoplasm and separate the organelles into two daughter cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of producing offspring from one parent is known as ________ reproduction.

<p>asexual</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of reproduction with its description:

<p>Asexual reproduction = One parent produces genetically identical offspring Sexual reproduction = Two gametes fuse to produce offspring Meiosis = Cell division that produces haploid gametes Mitosis = Cell division for growth and repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do cells need to divide?

<p>For reproduction, growth, and repair (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cellular reproduction can occur through both mitosis and meiosis.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

<p>Interphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sperm and egg cells are produced through the process of ________.

<p>meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates asexual reproduction from sexual reproduction?

<p>Asexual reproduction involves only one parent. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Diffusion

The process by which substances move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Osmosis

Movement of a substance through a semi-permeable membrane from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration.

Repair

The process by which cells divide to repair damage.

Mitosis

The process by which a cell's nucleus and its genetic material divide.

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Chromatin

A long, thin fiber made up of DNA coiled around proteins called histones.

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Interphase

The stage of the cell cycle where the cell grows, carries out its normal functions, and replicates its DNA.

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Cytokinesis

The division of the cytoplasm, creating two new daughter cells, that occurs after mitosis.

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What is the cell cycle?

The cell cycle is a series of events that take place in a cell, leading to its division and duplication of its DNA (DNA replication) to produce two daughter cells.

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What is Interphase?

The longest stage of the cell cycle where the cell grows, carries out its normal functions, and replicates its DNA.

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What is Mitosis?

The stage where the cell's nucleus divides, where the cell's genetic material is divided equally between the two daughter cells.

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What is Cytokinesis?

The final stage of the cell cycle where the cell's cytoplasm divides, separating the organelles and forming two distinct daughter cells.

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What is Asexual Reproduction?

The process of producing offspring from only one parent, where offspring are genetically identical to the parent.

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What is Sexual Reproduction?

The fusion of two gametes (sex cells) to produce offspring, where gametes contain half the DNA of regular cells.

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What is Meiosis?

The process of cell division that produces gametes (sex cells) with half the number of chromosomes.

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How do multicellular organisms grow?

The process of increasing the number of cells in a multicellular organism, leading to growth.

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Why is cell division important for repair and renewal?

It is essential for replacing cells that die from normal wear and tear or injury, ensuring the body can repair itself.

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G1 Phase

The first phase of interphase where the cell grows and synthesizes new molecules.

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S Phase

The phase of interphase where DNA is replicated. DNA exists as uncondensed fibers called chromatin.

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G2 Phase

The second growth phase of interphase where the cell continues to grow and synthesizes more molecules for mitosis.

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Mitotic Chromosome

A duplicated chromosome, consisting of two identical sister chromatids joined at the centromere.

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Prophase

The first phase of mitosis where chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes, centrioles move to opposite poles, and the nuclear envelope breaks down.

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Metaphase

The phase of mitosis where chromosomes align at the center of the cell, along the metaphase plate.

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Anaphase

The phase of mitosis where sister chromatids separate at the centromere and move to opposite poles of the cell.

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Study Notes

Cell Biology: Cell Division

  • Biology is the only subject where multiplication is the same as division. This means that the process of making more cells is the same as splitting one cell.

The Cell Cycle

  • The cell cycle involves cell growth and division.
  • The cycle is divided into stages: Interphase, Mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase) and Cytokinesis.
  • Interphase is a preparatory stage before mitosis, further divided into G1, S, and G2 phases.
  • G1 phase is the period of rapid cell growth, synthesizing new molecules.
  • S phase involves DNA synthesis and replication.
  • G2 phase prepares the cell for division, synthesizing more molecules.
  • Mitosis is the process where the cell's nucleus and genetic material divide.
  • Cytokinesis is the division of the cell's cytoplasm and the creation of a new cell.

Organelles

  • Centrioles are organelles vital for cell division, particularly in animal cells. They form the spindle fibers which organize and guide chromosomes during mitosis
  • Chromosomes: DNA is organized into chromosomes. It becomes a double helix, which is wrapped and coiled around histone proteins. Chromatin is the DNA-protein complex. During mitosis it condenses into a more compact structure called a chromosome.

Cell Division: Three Main Reasons

  • Reproduction: Two types
    • Asexual reproduction involves producing offspring with the same genetic makeup from one parent (e.g., bacteria).
    • Sexual reproduction involved fusion of gametes (sex cells from two parents), resulting in genetically varied offspring. Gametes for fertilization usually come from separate parents; female - produces an egg, male - produces sperm. -Sexual reproduction involves meiosis to produce haploid sex cells (half the number of chromosomes).
  • Growth: Multicellular organisms increase the number of their cells during growth; cell size is a limiting factor for efficient communication and movement within the cell.
  • Repair: Damaged cells are replaced by new cells produced through cell division (mitosis) to repair the injury.

Mitosis Stages

  • Prophase: Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes. Centrioles move to opposite poles of the cell. Spindle fibers form. The nuclear membrane breaks down and nucleolus disappears.
  • Metaphase: Spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of each chromosome. Chromosomes align along the middle of the cell (metaphase plate).
  • Anaphase: Chromosomes separate at the centromere and are pulled to opposite poles by spindle fibers.
  • Telophase: Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles of the cell, and daughter nuclei form. Chromosomes uncoil. The nuclear envelope reforms. Cytokinesis begins (division of the cytoplasm).

Cytokinesis

  • Animals: Cytokinesis involves a constriction belt tightening around the equator to split the cell.
  • Plants: A cell plate forms down the middle of the cell. The cell plate fuses with the existing cell wall.
  • Stages of mitosis and cytokinesis vary among organisms though the underlying molecular processes are conserved.

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