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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus?
What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus?
- Break down waste materials.
- Synthesize proteins.
- Modify, sort, and package proteins and lipids. (correct)
- Produce ATP through cellular respiration.
Which statement accurately describes prokaryotic cells?
Which statement accurately describes prokaryotic cells?
- They are generally larger than eukaryotic cells.
- They lack a nucleus and are smaller and simpler. (correct)
- They have a defined nucleus.
- They contain membrane-bound organelles.
In which phase of cell division does the separation of sister chromatids occur?
In which phase of cell division does the separation of sister chromatids occur?
- Prophase
- Telophase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase (correct)
Which of the following organelles is primarily involved in ATP production?
Which of the following organelles is primarily involved in ATP production?
Which type of signaling allows a cell to target itself?
Which type of signaling allows a cell to target itself?
What role does the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) play in a cell?
What role does the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) play in a cell?
Which process results in the production of gametes?
Which process results in the production of gametes?
What is the function of ribosomes in a cell?
What is the function of ribosomes in a cell?
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Study Notes
Cell Biology
Basics of Cell Theory
- All living organisms are composed of cells.
- Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things.
- New cells arise from existing cells.
Types of Cells
-
Prokaryotic Cells
- Lack a nucleus.
- Smaller and simpler (e.g., bacteria).
- Genetic material is located in the nucleoid region.
-
Eukaryotic Cells
- Have a nucleus.
- Larger and more complex (e.g., plant and animal cells).
- Contain membrane-bound organelles (e.g., mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum).
Cell Structure and Function
-
Cell Membrane
- Semi-permeable barrier that controls movement in and out of the cell.
- Composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.
-
Nucleus
- Contains genetic material (DNA).
- Controls cellular activities and gene expression.
-
Mitochondria
- Powerhouse of the cell, site of ATP (energy) production.
- Involved in cellular respiration.
-
Ribosomes
- Sites of protein synthesis.
- Can be free-floating or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.
-
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- Rough ER: Studded with ribosomes; synthesizes proteins.
- Smooth ER: Lacks ribosomes; synthesizes lipids and detoxifies.
-
Golgi Apparatus
- Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or use within the cell.
-
Lysosomes
- Contain digestive enzymes to break down waste materials and cellular debris.
-
Cytoskeleton
- Network of fibers providing structural support.
- Involved in cell movement and transport within the cell.
Cell Division
-
Mitosis
- Division of the nucleus resulting in two identical daughter cells.
- Phases: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.
-
Cytokinesis
- Division of the cytoplasm following mitosis, resulting in two separate cells.
-
Meiosis
- Specialized form of cell division that produces gametes (sperm and eggs).
- Reduces chromosome number by half, introducing genetic diversity.
Cell Communication
- Cells communicate through chemical signals (e.g., hormones).
- Cell receptors bind to signaling molecules to initiate responses.
- Types of signaling:
- Autocrine: Cell targets itself.
- Paracrine: Cell targets nearby cells.
- Endocrine: Signals travel through the bloodstream to distant cells.
Cellular Metabolism
- Metabolism consists of all chemical reactions within a cell.
- Catabolism: Breakdown of molecules to release energy.
- Anabolism: Synthesis of complex molecules for cellular functions.
Cellular Transport Mechanisms
-
Passive Transport
- Diffusion: Movement of molecules from high to low concentration.
- Osmosis: Diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane.
-
Active Transport
- Requires energy (ATP) to move substances against their concentration gradient.
- Includes pumps (e.g., sodium-potassium pump) and vesicular transport (endocytosis, exocytosis).
Basics of Cell Theory
- All living things are made up of cells
- The cell is the basic unit of life
- New cells come from pre-existing cells
Types of Cells
- Prokaryotic Cells
- Lack a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
- Simpler and smaller
- Example: Bacteria
- Eukaryotic Cells
- Have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
- More complex and larger
- Example: Animal and plant cells
Cell Structure and Function
- Cell Membrane
- Controls what goes in and out of a cell
- Made of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins
- Nucleus
- Contains DNA, which is the cell's genetic material
- Controls cellular activities and gene expression
- Mitochondria
- The "powerhouse" of the cell, producing energy (ATP)
- Involved in cellular respiration
- Ribosomes
- Manufacture proteins for the cell
- Can be free-floating in the cytoplasm or attached to the ER
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- Rough ER: Makes proteins, covered in ribosomes
- Smooth ER: Makes lipids, detoxifies, and lacks ribosomes
- Golgi Apparatus
- Processes and packages proteins and lipids
- Prepares these molecules for secretion or use within the cell
- Lysosomes
- Contain digestive enzymes to break down waste and cellular debris
- Cytoskeleton
- Provides structural support for the cell
- Involved in cell movement and transport within the cell
Cell Division
- Mitosis
- Division of the nucleus resulting in two identical daughter cells
- Four phases:
- Prophase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telophase
- Cytokinesis
- Division of the cytoplasm after mitosis, leading to two separate cells
- Meiosis
- Specialized cell division that produces gametes (sperm and eggs)
- Reduces the chromosome number by half, introducing genetic diversity
Cell Communication
- Cells communicate through chemical signals like hormones
- Cell receptors bind to signaling molecules to trigger responses
- Types of signaling:
- Autocrine: Cell targets itself
- Paracrine: Cell targets nearby cells
- Endocrine: Signals travel through the bloodstream to distant cells
Cellular Metabolism
- All chemical reactions occurring within a cell
- Catabolism: Breakdown of molecules to release energy
- Anabolism: Synthesis of complex molecules for cellular functions
Cellular Transport Mechanisms
- Passive Transport
- Diffusion: Movement of molecules from high to low concentration
- Osmosis: Movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane
- Active Transport
- Requires energy (ATP) to move substances against their concentration gradient
- Examples:
- Pumps like the sodium-potassium pump
- Vesicular transport (endocytosis, exocytosis)
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