Cell Biology Basics Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following statements about the size of cells is incorrect?

  • Human red blood cells are about 7.0um in diameter, making them among the largest cells in the human body. (correct)
  • Bacteria are typically between 3 and 5 um in length.
  • The smallest cells are Mycoplasma, measuring 0.3um in length.
  • The largest single cell is the egg of an ostrich.

What is the primary method by which cells obtain nutrients, exchange gases, and regulate water balance?

  • Active Transport
  • Diffusion (correct)
  • Endocytosis
  • Exocytosis

What is the name given to the specific components within a cell that perform specialized functions?

  • Tissues
  • Cell Organelles (correct)
  • Organisms
  • Chromosomes

Which of the following is not a type of cell environment?

<p>Endotonic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which process does water move from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration through a semipermeable membrane?

<p>Osmosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the plasma membrane?

<p>Regulation of the passage of substances into and out of the cell (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the size and shape of a cell related to its function?

<p>Size and shape are adapted to the specific function the cell performs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of transport requires energy (ATP) to move substances across a membrane against their concentration gradient?

<p>Active Transport (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between a unicellular freshwater organism and a plant cell in terms of water balance?

<p>Both types of cells tend to gain water. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a cell placed in a hypotonic solution?

<p>The cell gains water and swells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a characteristic of passive transport?

<p>Movement of substances along their concentration gradient (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a cellular waste product?

<p>Water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process moves substances from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration?

<p>Active Transport (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of solution would a cell remain the same size?

<p>Isotonic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of active transport?

<p>Movement of sodium ions (Na+) out of a cell and potassium ions (K+) into a cell (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components is NOT part of the cytoplasm?

<p>Cell membrane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cell membrane?

<p>Controlling the movement of substances into and out of the cell (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the nucleus?

<p>Storage and transmission of genetic information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the pores in the nuclear membrane?

<p>To allow the passage of genetic material between the nucleus and cytoplasm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of the cell membrane?

<p>A bilayer of phospholipids with embedded proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cholesterol in the cell membrane?

<p>To provide rigidity and stability to the membrane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of the cytoplasm?

<p>Nucleus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the nucleus in cell reproduction?

<p>It contains the genetic information that is passed on to daughter cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components is NOT directly involved in the structural support and motility of the cell?

<p>Cytoplasm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the cytoplasm is TRUE?

<p>It varies in composition and content depending on the cell type. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between the nucleus in eukaryotic cells and the nucleoid in prokaryotic cells?

<p>The presence of a nuclear membrane. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus within the cell?

<p>Packaging and modification of proteins and lipids. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered an inclusion within the cytoplasm?

<p>Ribosomes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the content provided, what is the most abundant component of the cytoplasm, followed by the second most abundant?

<p>Water, then proteins. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of the protein fibers within the cytoskeleton?

<p>Providing structural support and motility. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of histone proteins in the context of DNA?

<p>To package and condense DNA into a more compact form. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the centrosome in animal cells?

<p>Production of energy through cellular respiration. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What component of the cell membrane plays a crucial role in the fluid mosaic model, allowing for its fluidity and flexibility?

<p>The hydrophobic tails of phospholipids. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Genetic information is passed from one generation to the next in the form of:

<p>DNA molecules. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of genes within a DNA molecule?

<p>To provide instructions for the synthesis of specific proteins. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of chromatin fibers in the nucleus?

<p>To package and condense DNA into a compact form. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the arrangement of phospholipids in the cell membrane described as a "bilayer"?

<p>Because the phospholipids are arranged with their hydrophilic heads facing outwards and their hydrophobic tails facing inwards. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the fluid mosaic model, what contributes to the "mosaic-like" structure of the cell membrane?

<p>The embedded proteins in the membrane. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements about the cell wall in bacteria is TRUE?

<p>The cell wall is primarily composed of peptidoglycan. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the glycocalyx in bacteria cells?

<p>To protect the cell from environmental stress and promote attachment to surfaces. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT found in the cell wall of plants?

<p>Chitin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary structural component of algae cell walls?

<p>Cellulose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mesosomes are analogous to which organelle in eukaryotic cells?

<p>Mitochondria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the hook in a bacterial flagellum?

<p>To anchor the flagellum to the cell wall (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the cell wall in general?

<p>Regulating the movement of substances into and out of the cell (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary structural component of the fungal cell wall?

<p>Chitin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cell Organelles

Specific components within a cell that perform distinct functions.

Plasma Membrane

The outer boundary of a cell that controls what enters and exits.

Nucleus

The cell's control center, containing genetic material.

Diffusion

The process by which substances move from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration.

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Hypotonic

A solution where the concentration of solutes is lower outside the cell than inside.

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Hypertonic

A solution where the concentration of solutes is higher outside the cell than inside.

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Isotonic

A solution with equal concentrations of solutes inside and outside the cell.

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Osmosis

The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from high to low concentration.

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Cell Membrane

Outermost covering of the cell that separates its contents from the external environment.

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Cytoplasm

Gel-like liquid inside the cell, containing organelles and cytoskeleton.

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Selectively Permeable

Property of the cell membrane that allows certain substances to enter or exit the cell.

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Phospholipid Bilayer

Structure of the cell membrane made of two layers of phospholipids.

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Cytosol

Semi-fluid substance that makes up the bulk of the cytoplasm.

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Organelles

Specialized structures within the cell that perform distinct functions.

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Cell Division

Process by which a single cell divides to form two new cells.

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Cytoskeleton

Network of protein fibers providing structural support and shape to the cell.

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Nucleoid

Region in prokaryotic cells where nucleic acids are located, lacking a membrane.

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Chromatin

Substance within the nucleus composed of DNA and proteins; forms chromosomes during cell division.

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Chromosomes

Condensed structures of DNA visible during cell division, carrying genetic information.

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Inclusions

Temporary stored structures within cells like nutrients, pigments, or waste products.

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Centrosome

An organelle that contains two centrioles, crucial for cell division in animal cells.

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Centrioles

Cylindrical structures within the centrosome that help form spindle fibers during cell division.

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Histone proteins

Proteins around which DNA wraps to form nucleosomes, aiding in DNA packaging.

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Nucleosomes

Basic units of chromatin formed by histone proteins and wrapped DNA.

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Fluid Mosaic Model

A model explaining the structure of the cell membrane, with proteins dispersed in a lipid bilayer.

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Phospholipids

Molecules that form the bilayer of cell membranes with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.

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Active Transport

An energy-dependent process where molecules are moved against their concentration gradient using ATP.

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Passive Transport

Transport of molecules across the membrane along the concentration gradient, requiring no energy.

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Hypotonic Solution

A solution surrounding a cell that has a higher concentration of water than the cell, causing the cell to swell.

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Hypertonic Solution

A solution that has lower concentration of water than the cell, causing the cell to shrink.

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Isotonic Solution

A solution with the same water concentration as the cell, resulting in no net movement of water.

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Concentration Gradient

The difference in concentration of a substance across a space.

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Cell Wall (Algae)

Outer structure providing shape and support, made of cellulose and minerals.

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Cell Wall (Plants)

The rigid outer layer composed of cellulose, pectins, and lignin that provides support and protection.

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Cell Wall (Bacteria)

Layer made of peptidoglycan that protects the cell and maintains structural integrity.

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Glycocalyx

The outermost layer in bacteria, which can be a slime layer or capsule, aiding in protection and interaction.

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Cell Wall (Fungi)

Made of chitin, providing support and protection to fungal cells.

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Mesosomes

Infoldings of the bacterial cell membrane involved in DNA replication and cellular processes.

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Flagellum

A whip-like structure made of three parts that aids in bacterial movement.

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Cell Envelope (Bacteria)

The outer structure composed of the glycocalyx, cell wall, and cell membrane, providing protection.

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Study Notes

Cell Structure and Function

  • Cells are the basic structural and functional units of all living things
  • Cell theory states that all cells arise from pre-existing cells
  • The cell theory was developed by Robert Hooke, Anton van Leeuwenhoek, Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, and Rudolf Virchow
  • Cells have varying shapes and sizes, reflecting their specific functions
  • Unicellular organisms consist of a single cell, while multicellular organisms contain many cells with specialized functions
  • Examples of unicellular organisms are Amoeba, Chlamydomonas, Paramecium, and Bacteria
  • Examples of multicellular organisms are plants, animals, and fungi

Cell Components

  • Cell membrane: Encloses the cell contents, selectively permeable
  • Cytoplasm: Gel-like substance inside the cell membrane, containing organelles
  • Cytosol: Fluid portion of cytoplasm
  • Organelles: Structures within the cytoplasm that perform various cell functions
    • Mitochondria: Powerhouses of the cell, generating energy
    • Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis
    • Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): Network of membranes, involved in protein and lipid synthesis
      • Rough ER: studded with ribosomes
      • Smooth ER: lacks ribosomes, synthesizes lipids
    • Golgi apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids
    • Lysosomes: Contain digestive enzymes, break down waste and foreign materials
    • Vacuoles: Membrane-bound sacs involved in storage and transport

Cell Components (Continued)

  • Nucleus: Control center of the cell, containing DNA organized into chromosomes
  • Nucleolus: Part of the nucleus where ribosomes are assembled
  • Cytoskeleton: Network of protein filaments that provide structural support and facilitate cell movement

Cell Types

  • Prokaryotic cells: Lack a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles (bacteria)
  • Eukaryotic cells: Contain a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles (plants, animals, fungi)

Cell Division

  • Mitosis: Cell division process resulting in two identical daughter cells, crucial for growth and repair
  • Meiosis: Cell division resulting in four haploid cells, essential for sexual reproduction

Plant vs Animal Cells

  • Plant cells: Characterized by a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole
  • Animal cells: Lack a cell wall and chloroplasts

Cells and External Environment

  • Diffusion: Passive movement of substances from high to low concentration
  • Osmosis: Passive movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from low to high solute concentration
  • Hypotonic: Solution with a lower solute concentration than the cell
  • Hypertonic: Solution with a higher solute concentration than the cell
  • Isotonic: Solution with the same solute concentration as the cell

Additional Information

  • Cell size varies considerably, impacting function and activity
  • Some cells are long and others short
  • Complex cells have a number of organelles with specialized purposes
  • The shape and size of cells are related to the specific function they perform

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