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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of mitochondria in a cell?
What is the primary function of mitochondria in a cell?
- Store genetic material
- Modify and package lipids
- Produce ATP through cellular respiration (correct)
- Synthesize proteins
Which structure is responsible for packaging proteins and lipids within a cell?
Which structure is responsible for packaging proteins and lipids within a cell?
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Chloroplasts
- Ribosomes
- Golgi Apparatus (correct)
During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?
During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?
- G2 phase
- S phase (correct)
- Mitosis
- G1 phase
What distinguishes prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?
What distinguishes prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?
Which process describes the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane?
Which process describes the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane?
In what way do lysosomes contribute to cellular function?
In what way do lysosomes contribute to cellular function?
What role do receptors play in cellular communication?
What role do receptors play in cellular communication?
Which statement best summarizes one of the key principles of cell theory?
Which statement best summarizes one of the key principles of cell theory?
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Study Notes
Cell Biology
Basic Unit of Life
- Cells are the fundamental building blocks of all living organisms.
- Two main types of cells: Prokaryotic (lack a nucleus, e.g., bacteria) and Eukaryotic (contain a nucleus; e.g., plant and animal cells).
Cell Structure
- Plasma Membrane:
- Phospholipid bilayer that protects the cell and regulates movement of substances in and out.
- Nucleus:
- Contains genetic material (DNA) and controls cell activities.
- Cytoplasm:
- Jelly-like fluid where organelles are suspended; site of many metabolic processes.
- Organelles:
- Mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell, site of ATP production through cellular respiration.
- Ribosomes: Protein synthesis occurs here; can be free-floating or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
- Rough ER: Studded with ribosomes; synthesizes proteins.
- Smooth ER: Lacks ribosomes; synthesizes lipids and detoxifies.
- Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or internal use.
- Lysosomes: Contains digestive enzymes to break down waste materials and cellular debris.
- Chloroplasts (in plant cells): Site of photosynthesis, converts sunlight into chemical energy.
Cell Cycle
- Interphase:
- Cell growth and DNA replication; includes G1 (growth), S (synthesis), and G2 (preparation for mitosis).
- Mitosis:
- Division of the nucleus into two identical nuclei.
- Stages: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.
- Cytokinesis:
- Division of the cytoplasm to form two separate cells.
Cellular Processes
- Diffusion: Movement of molecules from high to low concentration.
- Osmosis: Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
- Active Transport: Movement of substances against concentration gradient; requires energy.
- Endocytosis/Exocytosis: Processes of bringing substances into the cell and exporting them out.
Cellular Communication
- Signal Transduction: Mechanism by which cells respond to external signals (e.g., hormones).
- Receptors: Proteins on the cell surface that bind to specific signaling molecules.
Specialized Cells
- Examples include muscle cells (contractility), nerve cells (neurotransmission), red blood cells (oxygen transport), and epithelial cells (protection and absorption).
Cell Theory
- All living organisms are composed of cells.
- The cell is the basic unit of life.
- All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
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