Cell Biology Basics Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following accurately describes the function of the cell membrane?

  • It regulates the passage of molecules into and out of the cell. (correct)
  • It stores genetic information.
  • It provides structural support for the cell.
  • It synthesizes proteins.

What is the main component of microfilaments?

  • Tubulin
  • Phospholipids
  • Actin (correct)
  • DNA

Which organelle is responsible for processing and packaging proteins and lipids for secretion?

  • Golgi apparatus (correct)
  • Nucleus
  • Mitochondria
  • Endoplasmic reticulum

Where is the genetic material (DNA) located within a cell?

<p>Nucleus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is directly involved in the synthesis of ribosomes?

<p>Nucleolus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of centrioles in the cell?

<p>Organizing microtubules during cell division (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of endoplasmic reticulum is involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification?

<p>Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of the cell membrane?

<p>Microtubules (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of protein is loosely bound to the cell membrane and can easily dissociate?

<p>Peripheral protein (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins in the cell membrane?

<p>Storage of genetic information (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of protein is responsible for the transport of substances across the cell membrane against their concentration gradient?

<p>Carrier protein (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of glycocalyx?

<p>It is involved in cell-to-cell recognition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of channel proteins in the cell membrane?

<p>Facilitating passive diffusion of molecules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the cell membrane?

<p>Production of energy through respiration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of cytoplasm?

<p>Water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are examples of peripheral membrane proteins? (Select all that apply)

<p>Cytoskeletal proteins (A), Enzymes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What binds to the receptor sites of the carrier protein during sodium cotransport of glucose?

<p>One sodium ion and one glucose molecule (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the conformational changes in the carrier protein during sodium cotransport?

<p>To facilitate the release of sodium and glucose into the cell (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of energy for primary active transport mechanisms?

<p>ATP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many sets of carrier proteins are involved in the transport of amino acids?

<p>Five sets (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes sodium-calcium counter transport?

<p>Sodium and calcium move in opposite directions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ions are transported by the sodium-potassium pump?

<p>Sodium and potassium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does sodium-hydrogen counter transport primarily occur?

<p>In renal tubular cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the β-subunit in the Na+-K+ pump?

<p>Its function is not clear (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many sodium ions bind to the Na+-K+ pump during its operation?

<p>Three (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the substances exchanged in the sodium-hydrogen counter transport?

<p>Sodium ions and hydrogen ions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of antiport in sodium counter transport?

<p>To transport substances across the membrane in exchange for sodium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to ATP during the action of the Na+-K+ pump?

<p>It is converted to ADP (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which counter transport system is NOT mentioned in the description?

<p>Sodium-chloride counter transport (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What change occurs to the Na+-K+ pump after ATP is broken down?

<p>It undergoes a conformational change (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are the receptor sites for potassium ions located on the Na+-K+ pump?

<p>Outer surface of the protein (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Na+-K+ pump help develop across the cell membrane?

<p>Resting membrane potential (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of channels are activated by mechanical forces?

<p>Mechanically gated channels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a special type of passive transport?

<p>Active transport (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism for the movement of oxygen from the alveolar air into the blood?

<p>Bulk flow (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of transport is used for moving glucose across the cell membrane?

<p>Facilitated diffusion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between osmosis and simple diffusion?

<p>Osmosis requires a semipermeable membrane, while simple diffusion does not. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In facilitated diffusion, what happens when a glucose molecule binds to a carrier protein?

<p>The carrier protein changes shape, transporting the glucose molecule across the membrane. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a mechanically gated channel?

<p>Sodium channels in Pacinian corpuscles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary force driving the movement of substances in bulk flow?

<p>Pressure gradient (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of energy for active transport?

<p>Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of active transport?

<p>Movement along the concentration gradient (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a type of carrier protein involved in active transport that transports two substances in the same direction?

<p>Symport (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration?

<p>Passive transport (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a substance transported actively in its non-ionic form?

<p>Glucose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between facilitated diffusion and active transport?

<p>Active transport requires energy, while facilitated diffusion relies on the concentration gradient. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of primary active transport?

<p>Glucose transport via facilitated diffusion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the mechanism of active transport?

<p>The carrier protein binds to the substance, changes shape, and releases it on the other side of the membrane. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cell Membrane

A thin, flexible barrier that encloses the cell, regulating molecule passage. Made of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates.

Microfilament

Thin, solid fibers made of actin, involved in cell movement, shape, and contraction.

Golgi Apparatus

A stack of sacs that processes, packages, and sorts proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery.

Nucleus

Control center of the cell, containing DNA, directing cellular activities, and surrounded by the nuclear envelope.

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Nucleolus

Dense region within the nucleus responsible for synthesizing and assembling ribosomes for protein synthesis.

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Centrioles

Small, cylindrical structures found in pairs near the nucleus, aiding in organizing microtubules during cell division.

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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Interconnected membranous sacs without ribosomes, involved in lipid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium storage.

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Microtubule

Hollow, cylindrical structures made of tubulin, maintaining cell shape and involved in intracellular transport and cell division.

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Peripheral Proteins

Proteins partially embedded in cell membranes, loosely bound and easily dissociated.

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Functions of Integral Proteins

Provide structural integrity and include channels for transport across the cell membrane.

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Channel Proteins

Help the diffusion of water-soluble substances through the cell membrane.

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Carrier Proteins

Transport substances across the membrane, either actively or passively.

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Glycocalyx

A thin covering of carbohydrate molecules on the cell membrane, aiding in cell adhesion.

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Functions of Carbohydrates in Cell Membrane

Negatively charged, aiding in cell fixation and acting as hormone receptors.

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Functions of Cell Membrane

Includes protective function, selective permeability, and maintenance of cell shape.

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Cytoplasm

Jelly-like material inside the cell, composed of 80% water.

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Acetylcholine

A neurotransmitter that opens sodium channels in postsynaptic membranes, leading to muscle contraction.

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Sodium Channels

Protein channels in the cell membrane allowing sodium ions to pass in response to signals.

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Mechanically Gated Channels

Channels that open in response to mechanical deformation, such as pressure or stretch.

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Pacinian Corpuscle

A receptor that detects pressure and vibration by its deformation.

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Facilitated Diffusion

Transport of larger, water-soluble molecules across membranes with carrier proteins, faster than simple diffusion.

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Bulk Flow

Diffusion of large quantities from high pressure to low pressure, often seen in gas exchange.

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Osmosis

Movement of water from low solute concentration to high solute concentration through a semipermeable membrane.

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Active Transport

Movement of substances against a gradient, requiring energy, often from ATP.

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Facilitated Diffusion vs Active Transport

Active transport needs energy to move substances against gradients, while facilitated diffusion does not.

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Uniport

Carrier protein that transports a single substance in one direction.

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Symport

Carrier protein that transports two substances in the same direction.

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Antiport

Carrier protein that transports two substances in opposite directions.

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Substances in Active Transport

Substances transported actively include ions (sodium, potassium) and non-ions (glucose, amino acids).

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Primary Active Transport

Direct use of energy (ATP) to transport substances against a gradient.

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Secondary Active Transport

Uses energy from the electrochemical gradient created by primary active transport.

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Sodium-Potassium Pump

Key protein that moves sodium out of and potassium into cells, maintaining ion balance.

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α-subunit of Na+-K+ Pump

The larger component responsible for transporting Na+ and K+ ions in the pump.

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β-subunit of Na+-K+ Pump

Smaller subunit of the pump; its exact function remains unclear.

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ATPase Function

Enzyme that catalyzes ATP breakdown, releasing energy for pumping ions.

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Conformational Change

Structural alteration of the carrier protein after ATP breakdown, facilitating ion movement.

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Ion Receptor Sites

Specific locations on the pump for binding sodium or potassium ions.

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Resting Membrane Potential

The voltage difference across a cell's membrane, maintained by Na+-K+ pump activity.

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Sodium Cotransport

A process where sodium ions assist in the transport of glucose or amino acids into the cell.

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Sodium-Glucose Cotransport

The simultaneous transport of sodium and glucose into a cell via a carrier protein.

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Sodium-Amino Acid Cotransport

Transport of amino acids into cells assisted by sodium ions using specific carrier proteins.

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Sodium Counter Transport

Exchange of sodium ions for another substance across the cell membrane using an antiport carrier protein.

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Sodium-Calcium Counter Transport

The process where sodium ions enter the cell while calcium ions are expelled.

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Sodium-Hydrogen Counter Transport

Exchange of hydrogen ions for sodium ions in renal tubular cells during urine formation.

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Types of Counter Transport Systems

Various systems that allow sodium to exchange for other ions like calcium, hydrogen, magnesium, etc.

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Study Notes

Cell Structure and Function

  • Cells are the basic structural and functional units of living organisms
  • All living things are composed of cells
  • Cells exhibit all characteristics of life
  • Cells need nutrition, oxygen, produce energy, eliminate waste, maintain the environment for survival, and reproduce

General Characteristics of Cells

  • Cells need nutrition and oxygen
  • Cells produce energy for growth, repair, and other activities
  • Cells eliminate carbon dioxide and other metabolic waste
  • Cells maintain the medium for survival; respond immediately to invaders like bacteria or toxic substances
  • Cells reproduce by division

Cell Structure

  • Each cell is composed of a cell body and a membrane (cell membrane) covering it
  • The cell body includes the nucleus and cytoplasm surrounding the nucleus
  • Parts of the cell include secretory vesicles, lysosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, mitochondria, cell membrane, microfilaments, Golgi apparatus, nucleolus, centrioles, and smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
  • Cell membrane: protective sheath; separates the fluid inside (intracellular fluid) from the fluid outside (extracellular fluid) the cell

Composition of Cell Membrane

  • Proteins (55%)
  • Lipids (40%)
  • Carbohydrates (5%)

Lipid Layers of Cell Membrane

  • Bilayered structure
  • Fluid in nature; portions move along the surface
  • Contains phospholipids and cholesterol
    • Phospholipids: lipid substances containing phosphorus and fatty acids
      • Examples include aminophospholipids, sphingo - myelins, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidyletholamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylserine, and phospha tidylinositol
    • Cholesterol: arranged between phospholipids; helps determine the integrity of the lipid layer

Protein Layers of Cell Membrane

  • Electron-dense layers covering the two surfaces of the lipid layer
  • Classified as integral(transmembrane) or peripheral proteins
    • Integral proteins: pass through the cell membrane; includes cell adhesion proteins, cell junction proteins (like transport proteins), channel proteins, hormone receptors, antigens, and enzymes
    • Peripheral proteins: partially embedded; examples of peripheral proteins include cytoskeletal proteins, carrier proteins and enzymes.

Functions of Proteins in Cell Membrane

  • Integral proteins provide structural integrity
  • Channel proteins assist in diffusion of water-soluble substances (e.g., glucose, electrolytes)
  • Carrier/transport proteins help with transport across membrane
  • Pumps facilitate active transport of ions across the membrane
  • Receptor proteins receive hormones and neurotransmitters

Carbohydrates in Cell Membrane

  • Form glycoproteins and glycolipids
  • Form a loose covering (glycocalyx) over the cell surface
  • Functions include negative charge to prevent negatively charged substances from entering or exiting the cell, cell adhesion to neighboring cells, and function as receptors for some hormones

Cytoplasm

  • Cytoplasm is the jelly-like substance (cytosol) comprised primarily of water composed of a clear liquid portion called cytosol and various particles
  • It includes ectoplasm, the outermost layer next to the cell membrane, and endoplasm, the inner portion of the cytoplasm surrounding the nucleus
  • Cytoplasm plays a crucial role in cell shape, movement, and support

Endoplasmic Reticulum

  • Interconnected network of tubules and vesicles
  • Two types: rough (studded with ribosomes) and smooth (no ribosomes)
  • Rough endoplasmic reticulum: protein synthesis
  • Smooth endoplasmic reticulum: lipid synthesis, detoxification

Golgi Apparatus

  • Membrane-bound organelle; involved in processing proteins
  • Modifies, packages, labels, and delivers proteins
  • Involved in the production of lysosomes

Lysosomes

  • Membrane-bound organelles containing hydrolytic enzymes
  • Involved in degradation of macromolecules, worn-out organelles, and excess secretory products.

Mitochondria

  • Rod-shaped or oval structures with a double membrane
  • Involved in cellular respiration and energy production (ATP synthesis)

Ribosomes

  • Organelles without limiting membranes; granular or small dot-like structures
  • Involved in protein synthesis

Cytoskeleton

  • Network of protein filaments
  • Three main types: microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments
  • Determine cell shape, support cell, and facilitate cellular movement and responses to stimuli

Membrane Transport

  • Simple Diffusion: Movement of substances from high to low concentration across membranes
  • Facilitated Diffusion: Movement of substances from high to low concentration; facilitated by carrier proteins
  • Bulk Flow: Movement of large quantities of substances from high to low pressure, e.g., exchange of gases in lungs
  • Filtration: Movement of fluid from high to low pressure, particularly across capillaries
  • Osmosis: Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane, from low to high solute concentration
  • Active Transport: Movement of substances against a concentration or electrochemical gradient; requires energy (ATP)
    • Types: uniport, symport, antiport
  • Different types of Membrane channels (gated channels; voltage-gated, ligand-gated, mechanically-gated)

Nucleus

  • Largest organelle; usually spherical; contains nucleoplasm, chromatin, and nucleolus
  • Enclosed by a nuclear membrane; controls cell activity through controlling protein synthesis
  • Contains the genetic material (DNA) in the form of chromosomes

Chromosome

  • Rod-shaped structures containing DNA and associated proteins
  • Carries the hereditary information (genes)

Nucleolus

  • Small, round structure within the nucleus
  • Involved in ribosome subunit formation

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