Cell Biology and Microtubules Quiz

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Questions and Answers

If a toxin disrupted microtubule function, what is most likely to be affected?

Anaphase

Where are lysosomes produced?

Golgi

What is the function of a lysosome?

Contains digestive enzymes for breaking down nutrients, cell debris, and bacteria

What is the functional equivalent of the lysosome in plants?

Central vacuole Signup and view all the answers

What are four possible places where microfilaments can be found?

Muscle cells, pseudopod of amoeba, cleavage furrow during animal division, cytoskeleton Signup and view all the answers

What is a bacterial flagellum composed of?

Flagellin Signup and view all the answers

What is Clathrin?

A protein that coats vesicles and plays a critical role in their formation, as well as their incorporation into the cell membrane during exocytosis and endocytosis Signup and view all the answers

What is a nucleoid region?

Region where DNA exists in a bacterial cell as it does not have a nucleus Signup and view all the answers

What are teichoic acids?

Found only on gram-positive bacteria and help keep the cell wall rigid. Also used as recognition and binding sites by bacterial viruses Signup and view all the answers

During conjugation, what does the donor bacteria contain?

The F plasmid Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines a notochord?

A length of cartilage extending along the body, which will become the spine (A) Signup and view all the answers

What are the four main features during their development that chordates share?

Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve chord, pharyngeal gill slits, muscular post-anal tail Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of Nematoda?

Complete digestive system, triploblasts with bilateral symmetry, pseudocoelomates. Parasitic; contain a thick protective outer layer known as the cuticle. Examples: round worms, hook worms, and C. elegans Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of Annelida?

Complete digestive system, triploblasts with bilateral symmetry, coelomates with segmented bodies, close circulatory systems. Examples: Earthworms and leeches Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of Mollusca?

Complete digestive system, triploblasts with bilateral symmetry, coelomates with open circulatory system (exception to cephalopods), tongue of this class is called radula. Examples: clams, snails, squids, and octopuses Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of Echinodermata?

Complete digestive system, triploblasts with radial symmetry, coelomates, open circulatory system, deuterostomes. Examples: starfish, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of Platylhelminthes?

Do NOT have a complete digestive system (have gastrovascular cavity instead; like Cnidaria), triploblasts with bilateral symmetry, acoelomate. Examples: flatworms, tapeworms, and flukes Signup and view all the answers

Blood in the pulmonary vein would be best characterized as which of the following?

High in O2 (E) Signup and view all the answers

In mammals, which of the following structures aides the embryo in gas exchange and the disposal of liquid waste?

Allantois (A) Signup and view all the answers

A species of desert plant secretes a chemical into the surrounding soil that kills seeds from any other species of plant that attempts to germinate in that area. What is this an example of?

Allelopathy (E) Signup and view all the answers

What is allelopathy?

Type of interference competition where the establishment of other individuals who would compete for a mutual resource is prevented Signup and view all the answers

What is exploitation competition?

Type of competition that occurs indirectly through depletion of a common resource. Lions and cheetahs compete for gazelles. If the cheetahs get all of the gazelles, then the lions would suffer food depletion. Signup and view all the answers

What is apparent competition?

Type of competition that occurs between two species preyed upon by the same predator. Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Microtubules and Cell Division

Disruption of microtubule function primarily impacts anaphase during cell division.

Lysosomes

Lysosomes are produced in the Golgi apparatus.
They contain digestive enzymes necessary for breaking down nutrients, cell debris, and bacteria.
In plants, the functional equivalent of lysosomes is the central vacuole.

Microfilaments

Microfilaments can be found in muscle cells, pseudopods of amoebas, cleavage furrows during animal cell division, and as part of the cytoskeleton.

Bacterial Structures

Bacterial flagella are composed of the protein flagellin.
The nucleoid region is where the DNA of bacterial cells is located, given the absence of a nucleus.
Teichoic acids are unique to gram-positive bacteria, helping maintain cell wall rigidity and serving as binding sites for bacterial viruses.
During conjugation, donor bacteria possess the F plasmid.

Chordate Development

Notochord is a cartilaginous structure that will develop into the spine.
Key developmental features of chordates include the notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits, and muscular post-anal tail.

Animal Phyla Characteristics

Nematoda: Complete digestive system, bilateral symmetry, pseudocoelomates, often parasitic, characterized by a protective cuticle (e.g., roundworms, hookworms).
Annelida: Complete digestive system, bilateral symmetry, coelomates, segmented bodies, closed circulatory systems (e.g., earthworms, leeches).
Mollusca: Complete digestive system, bilateral symmetry, coelomates with an open circulatory system (except cephalopods), possess a radula (e.g., clams, snails, squids).
Echinodermata: Complete digestive system, radial symmetry, coelomates, open circulatory system, classified as deuterostomes (e.g., starfish, sea urchins).
Platyhelminthes: Incomplete digestive system with a gastrovascular cavity, bilateral symmetry, acoelomate (e.g., flatworms, tapeworms).

Blood and Embryonic Structures

Blood in the pulmonary vein is characterized by high oxygen (O2) content.
The allantois aids embryos in gas exchange and disposal of liquid waste in mammals.

Competition Types

Allelopathy involves a plant releasing chemicals to inhibit the germination of other plant species, showcasing interference competition.
Exploitation competition occurs indirectly through depletion of resources; for instance, lions and cheetahs competing for a limited gazelle population.
Apparent competition arises when two species compete indirectly via a shared predator.