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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the mitochondria within a cell?
What is the primary function of the mitochondria within a cell?
Which of the following best describes the organization of the human body from simplest to most complex?
Which of the following best describes the organization of the human body from simplest to most complex?
What key difference distinguishes mitosis from meiosis?
What key difference distinguishes mitosis from meiosis?
Which process is primarily associated with the chloroplasts in plant cells?
Which process is primarily associated with the chloroplasts in plant cells?
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Which of the following is an example of a chemical property?
Which of the following is an example of a chemical property?
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In the periodic table, which term describes a vertical column?
In the periodic table, which term describes a vertical column?
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What type of bonding involves the sharing of electrons between atoms?
What type of bonding involves the sharing of electrons between atoms?
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Which of the following cell types do not possess a nucleus?
Which of the following cell types do not possess a nucleus?
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What type of reaction occurs when two or more substances combine to form a compound?
What type of reaction occurs when two or more substances combine to form a compound?
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Which law states that matter is neither created nor destroyed during a chemical reaction?
Which law states that matter is neither created nor destroyed during a chemical reaction?
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Which equation correctly describes acceleration?
Which equation correctly describes acceleration?
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What is the correct formula for kinetic energy?
What is the correct formula for kinetic energy?
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Which type of wave has particles moving perpendicular to the wave's direction?
Which type of wave has particles moving perpendicular to the wave's direction?
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Which of the following correctly defines velocity?
Which of the following correctly defines velocity?
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What does Newton's Second Law of Motion express?
What does Newton's Second Law of Motion express?
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Which phenomenon describes the bending of light as it passes from air into water?
Which phenomenon describes the bending of light as it passes from air into water?
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Flashcards
Cell Theory
Cell Theory
The theory that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and all cells come from pre-existing cells.
Prokaryotic cells
Prokaryotic cells
Organisms with cells that lack a nucleus, like bacteria.
Eukaryotic cells
Eukaryotic cells
Organisms with cells that have a nucleus, like plants, animals, and fungi.
Nucleus
Nucleus
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Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm
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Mitochondria
Mitochondria
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Mitosis
Mitosis
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Meiosis
Meiosis
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Combustion
Combustion
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Single Displacement
Single Displacement
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Balancing Chemical Equations
Balancing Chemical Equations
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Linear Motion
Linear Motion
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Acceleration
Acceleration
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Kinetic Energy
Kinetic Energy
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Potential Energy
Potential Energy
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Transverse Waves
Transverse Waves
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Study Notes
Cell Biology
- Cell Theory: All living things are composed of cells; cells are the basic unit of life; all cells come from pre-existing cells.
- Prokaryotic Cells: Lack a nucleus (e.g., bacteria).
- Eukaryotic Cells: Possess a nucleus (e.g., plant, animal, fungal cells).
- Cell Structures:
- Nucleus: Controls cell functions, holds DNA.
- Cytoplasm: Jelly-like substance, site of chemical reactions.
- Mitochondria: Produces energy (powerhouse).
- Ribosomes: Synthesize proteins.
- Cell Membrane: Regulates what enters/exits the cell.
- Chloroplasts (plant cells): Site of photosynthesis.
- Cell Division:
- Mitosis: Creates two identical daughter cells (body cells).
- Meiosis: Creates four non-identical daughter cells (sex cells).
Tissues, Organs, and Systems
- Levels of Organization: Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ Systems → Organism
- Human Body Systems:
- Circulatory: Transports nutrients, gases, wastes.
- Digestive: Breaks down food, absorbs nutrients.
- Respiratory: Takes in oxygen, expels carbon dioxide.
- Nervous: Controls and coordinates body activities.
- Excretory: Removes waste products.
Reproduction
- Asexual Reproduction: One parent cell creates offspring (e.g., binary fission in bacteria).
- Sexual Reproduction: Two parents involved; creates genetically diverse offspring.
Chemistry: Matter and Chemical Reactions
- Properties of Matter:
- Physical Properties: Observed without changing the substance (e.g., color, melting/boiling point).
- Chemical Properties: Describes how a substance reacts with others (e.g., flammability).
- States of Matter: Solid, liquid, gas; temperature and pressure impact state changes.
- Atomic Theory:
- Atom Structure: Nucleus (protons, neutrons); electron shells.
- Periodic Table: Organizes elements by atomic number.
- Groups (vertical columns): Similar properties.
- Periods (horizontal rows): Changing properties.
- Metals, non-metals, metalloids.
- Chemical Bonding:
- Ionic Bonding: Between metals and non-metals, electron transfer.
- Covalent Bonding: Between non-metals, electron sharing.
- Chemical Reactions:
- Synthesis: Two or more substances form a new one.
- Decomposition: A substance breaks down into simpler substances.
- Combustion: Reaction with oxygen, releases energy.
- Single Displacement: One element replaces another in a compound.
- Double Displacement: Ions exchange between two compounds.
- Balancing Chemical Equations: The Law of Conservation of Mass; equal number of atoms of each element on both sides of the equation.
Physics: Motion, Forces, and Energy
- Motion:
- Linear Motion: Movement along a straight line.
- Rotational Motion: Movement around an axis.
- Speed: Distance/Time.
- Velocity: Speed in a given direction.
- Acceleration: Change in velocity/Time.
- Forces and Energy:
- Newton's Laws of Motion:
- 1st Law: Inertia: Objects stay in their state of motion unless acted upon by a force.
- 2nd Law: Force = Mass × Acceleration (F = ma).
- 3rd Law: Action-Reaction: Equal and opposite forces.
- Work: Force × Distance.
- Kinetic Energy: Energy of motion (½mv²).
- Potential Energy: Stored energy due to position (mgh).
- Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed.
- Newton's Laws of Motion:
- Waves and Light:
- Types of Waves: Transverse (e.g., light), Longitudinal (e.g., sound).
- Wave Properties: Wavelength, frequency, amplitude.
- Light and Optics:
- Reflection: Light bouncing off a surface.
- Refraction: Light bending as it passes between mediums.
- Lenses: Convex (converging), concave (diverging).
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of cell biology, including cell theory, types of cells, and essential cell structures. Delve into the organization of tissues, organs, and systems within the human body, examining how they work together to maintain life.
