Cell Biology and History
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Questions and Answers

Who was the first to observe live cells?

  • Robert Hooke
  • Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (correct)
  • Rudolf Virchow
  • Matthias Schleiden

All cells are capable of adapting to changes in their environment.

True (A)

What is the primary use of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) in microscopy?

  • To stain the entire cell
  • To label a specific component of the cell (correct)
  • To enhance contrast in electron microscopy
  • To measure cell size

What is cell theory?

<p>A scientific theory stating that all living organisms are composed of one or more cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Phase-contrast microscopy requires staining of specimens to visualize them.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cells can perform necessary maintenance, recycle parts, and dispose of _______.

<p>wastes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process involves breaking up the cell using high temperature or sonication?

<p>Cell fractionation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scientist contributed to the statement that all cells come from the division of pre-existing cells?

<p>Rudolf Virchow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cell membrane is sometimes referred to as the ______.

<p>plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the microscopy technique with its primary characteristic:

<p>Fluorescence microscopy = Uses fluorescent markers to label cells Phase-contrast microscopy = Reveals details of transparent specimens Transmission electron microscopy = Involves metal staining and electron passing Cytometry = Measures light scatter and fluorescence intensity of cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following scientists with their contributions to cell theory:

<p>Theodor Schwann = Co-founder of cell theory Matthias Schleiden = Co-founder of cell theory Rudolf Virchow = Added that all cells come from pre-existing cells Robert Hooke = First to name cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cells are always oval-shaped.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technique measures cell size, count, and morphology?

<p>Cytometry (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What instrument was essential for the discovery of cells?

<p>Light microscope</p> Signup and view all the answers

Phospholipids in the cell membrane allow water-loving substances to freely cross the membrane.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of microscopy involves passing electrons through cells?

<p>Transmission electron microscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organelles is responsible for energy transfer in eukaryotic cells?

<p>Mitochondria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All organelles in eukaryotic cells are static and do not change their position.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells?

<p>It stores genetic material.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The membranes surrounding eukaryotic organelles are based on a __________ bilayer.

<p>lipid</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following organelles with their functions:

<p>Chloroplasts = Photosynthesis Lysosomes = Digestion and waste removal Golgi apparatus = Protein modification and packaging Endoplasmic reticulum = Protein and lipid synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ATP in eukaryotic cells?

<p>Acting as an energy source (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Electron microscopy is a powerful tool for visualizing the structure of eukaryotic organelles.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the membranes that surround eukaryotic organelles.

<p>They are based on lipid bilayers and separate organelles from the rest of the cellular space.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the endosymbiotic hypothesis related to?

<p>The origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mitochondria are found in all organisms, including bacteria.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What two forms of energy do mitochondria and chloroplasts help convert?

<p>Chemical energy and solar energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chloroplasts evolved from ______ prokaryotes similar to modern-day cyanobacteria.

<p>photosynthetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the organelles with their primary function:

<p>Mitochondria = Produce ATP energy Chloroplasts = Convert solar energy into glucose Nuclear membrane = Separate DNA from cytoplasm Prokaryotic cells = Lack membrane-bound organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a necessary function of chloroplasts?

<p>Converting solar energy to sugars (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Eukaryotic cells contain structures and organelles that are absent in prokaryotic cells.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do mitochondria utilize to generate energy?

<p>Oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one major difference between stepwise oxidation of sugar and direct burning of sugar?

<p>Stepwise oxidation releases energy more efficiently. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Enzymes increase the activation energy needed for reactions to occur.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What energy-rich molecules are produced from the oxidation reactions?

<p>ATP and NADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

Electron acceptor molecules capture energy lost during __________ reactions.

<p>oxidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following energy pathways with their characteristics:

<p>Stepwise oxidation = Efficient energy storage Direct burning = Releases most energy as heat Enzyme-catalyzed reactions = Lower activation energy Non-catalyzed reactions = Higher activation energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do enzymes play in chemical reactions within a cell?

<p>They catalyze reactions by lowering energy barriers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The activation energy is the same in both enzyme-catalyzed and non-catalyzed reactions.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The waste produced from the complete oxidation of carbon atoms from food molecules is released as __________.

<p>carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of photosynthesis in organisms?

<p>To convert carbon dioxide into sugar and oxygen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Phytoplankton produce no atmospheric oxygen on Earth.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the major pigments involved in photosynthesis?

<p>Chlorophyll A and other pigments including red, brown, and blue pigments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In plants, photosynthesis takes place in the __________.

<p>chloroplasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process occurs as a result of respiration in cells?

<p>Production of ATP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following pigments with their characteristics:

<p>Chlorophyll A = Primary pigment in photosynthesis Red pigments = Associated with dinoflagellates Brown pigments = Common in certain algae Blue pigments = May channel light energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chlorophyll reflects blue light and absorbs green light most strongly.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the space between the thylakoid and the chloroplast membranes called?

<p>Stroma</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cell

The basic unit of life, possessing all necessary equipment for life processes like eating, growing, moving, maintenance, and replication.

Cell Theory

A scientific theory stating that all living organisms are composed of one or more cells, and cells are the functional and structural units of organisms.

Robert Hooke

Scientist who first used the term "cell" in 1665 when observing dead cork cells.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Scientist who first observed live cells in 1674, studying algae.

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Matthias Schleiden

Plant scientist who contributed to the cell theory in 1838 by viewing plant cells.

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Theodor Schwann

Animal scientist who contributed to the cell theory in 1838 by viewing animal cells.

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Rudolf Virchow

Scientist who, in 1858, expanded the cell theory to include that all cells come from pre-existing cells.

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Cell Size Variation

Cells vary considerably in size, from microscopic to macroscopic, like a frog's egg or a nerve cell.

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Fluorescence Microscopy

Uses fluorescent markers (like GFP) to label cell components. A specific light wavelength excites the marker, allowing visualization.

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Phase-Contrast Microscopy

Reveals details in transparent specimens without staining by using light's optical properties to show differences in brightness.

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Transmission Electron Microscopy

Uses metal staining and electrons passing through a cell to create an image of its components.

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Flow Cytometry

Analyzes cells or particles in a liquid stream by measuring light scatter and fluorescence after passing through a laser.

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Cell Fractionation

Separates cell parts using techniques like centrifugation after breaking up the cell to study each part separately.

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Cell Membrane

The outer boundary of a cell, separating its inside from the outside; made mostly of phospholipids, with embedded proteins.

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Phospholipids

Fatty molecules that form the basic structure of cell membranes, preventing certain substances from entering or leaving the cell.

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Cell, Basic Unit of Life

A cell is a self-contained unit of life, marked by a membrane, protecting the cell's inner environment.

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Eukaryotic Organelles

Specialized structures within a eukaryotic cell, each with a specific function, separated by membranes.

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Organelle Membrane

Lipid bilayer membranes that isolate and organize biochemical reactions within organelles.

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Mitochondria Function

Convert energy from molecules like fatty acids into ATP, the cell's energy currency.

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Cell Organelle Dynamics

Organelles are not static; they move, merge, grow, and shrink within the cell.

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Electron Microscopy

High-resolution technique to visualize cell structures, including organelles.

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Nucleus Importance

The most critical organelle in eukaryotic cells, controlling cell function.

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ATP

Adenosine triphosphate, the energy currency of cells, produced by mitochondria.

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Organelle Visualization

Electron and other microscopy techniques reveal organelles, their location, and dynamic movement.

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Endosymbiotic Hypothesis

Theory proposing mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from prokaryotes engulfed by larger eukaryotic cells.

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Mitochondria

Organelle in eukaryotes that produces energy (ATP) using oxygen.

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Chloroplasts

Organelle in plant cells that converts solar energy into sugar (glucose).

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Eukaryotic cells

Cells with a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

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Prokaryotic cells

Cells lacking a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

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Double Membranes (Mitochondria & Chloroplasts)

The outer and inner membranes surrounding mitochondria and chloroplasts, evidence of their past independence.

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Symbiotic Relationship

A close, long-term interaction between two different species where both benefit.

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Aerobic prokaryotes

Prokaryotic cells that require oxygen to survive and obtain energy.

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Stepwise Oxidation

The controlled release of energy from a food molecule in a series of small steps, storing energy in carrier molecules like ATP and NADH.

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Direct Burning

The rapid release of energy from a food molecule in a single step, releasing most of the energy as heat.

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Activation Energy

The initial energy needed to start a chemical reaction.

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Carrier Molecules

Molecules that temporarily store and transport energy released during chemical reactions.

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ATP

A crucial carrier molecule that stores and releases energy in cells to drive various processes.

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Enzymes

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions in cells without being consumed themselves.

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Energy Pathway

The specific series of chemical reactions a cell uses to release and utilize energy.

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Prokaryote/Eukaryote

Difference in a cell between whether it has a nucleus (eukaryote) or not (prokaryote), impacting its energy pathways.

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Photosynthesis

The process where cells use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to create sugar molecules and oxygen.

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Chlorophyll

A green pigment that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis, primarily red and blue light.

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Chloroplast

The organelle in plant cells where photosynthesis takes place.

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Thylakoid membrane

Inner membrane inside chloroplasts, where the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur.

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Stroma

The space between the thylakoid membrane and outer membrane of chloroplasts.

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Global Carbon Cycle

The continuous movement of carbon between Earth's atmosphere, oceans, land, and living organisms.

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Food Chain

A sequence of organisms where energy is transferred through eating and being eaten.

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Respiration

The process where cells break down sugar molecules to release energy.

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Study Notes

Cell Biology

  • Cells are the fundamental units of life.
  • They perform all life functions, such as eating, growing, moving, maintaining themselves, recycling parts, disposing of waste, adapting to environmental changes, and replicating.
  • Cells vary in size, from single-celled organisms like bacteria and yeast to complex multicellular organisms.
  • Light microscopy was essential for the discovery of cells.
  • Nerve cells can be over a meter long.
  • Cells have varied shapes.
  • Cells have a variety of intricate and remarkable shapes in three dimensions.

Cell History

  • Cells were first observed in the 17th century with the advent of the compound microscope.
  • Robert Hooke in 1665 observed cork cells, but they were dead.
  • Anton van Leeuwenhoek observed live cells in algae in 1674.
  • The cell theory was developed that all living things are made up of cells and that cells are the functional and structural units of organisms. This was concluded by Matthias Schleiden (plants) and Theodor Schwann (animals) in 1838.
  • Rudolf Virchow (1855) added the principle that all cells come from pre-existing cells to the cell theory.

Cell Theory

  • All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
  • The cell is the most basic unit of life.
  • All cells arise from pre-existing cells.

Modern Interpretation of Cell Theory

  • All known living things are made up of one or more cells.
  • All living cells arise from pre-existing cells by division.
  • The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living organisms.
  • The activity of an organism depends on the total activity of independent cells.
  • Energy flow (metabolism and biochemistry) occurs within cells.
  • Cells contain DNA, which is specifically located in the chromosome, and RNA, found in the cell nucleus and cytoplasm.
  • All cells are essentially the same chemically in organisms of similar species.

Cell Techniques

  • Cell culture: Uses rapidly growing cells on media to study cells.
  • Microscopy: Used to study the structure and function of cells (e.g., fluorescence microscopy, phase-contrast microscopy, transmission electron microscopy).
  • Cytometry: Measures cell size, count, morphology, and more using flow cytometers.
  • Cell fractionation: Breaks cells down into components using centrifugation.

Cell Composition

  • Cells are enclosed by cell membranes.
  • The interior of the cell is made up of cytoplasm, a water-based liquid environment containing cellular machinery and structural components.
  • Intracellular molecules and organelles include DNA, RNA proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, monosaccharides, fatty acids, amino acids, and nucleotides.
  • Nucleic acids have genetic code (DNA and RNA); proteins are substances made of amino acid chains.
  • Carbohydrates are another important organic molecule in the form of starches and sugars.

Cell Energy

  • Eukaryotic cells use mitochondria to make energy.
  • Mitochondria have a double membrane and produce ATP (energy).
  • Prokaryotes generally use electron transport chains in their plasma membranes to obtain usable energy.
  • Cells obtain their energy primarily from food molecules (sugars and fats).
  • Cells have pathways to convert energy from food sources to ATP. Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate, then the citric acid cycle converts pyruvate into more energy molecules. The electron transport chain uses this energy to produce ATP.
  • Photosynthetic cells capture light energy and convert it to chemical energy (mostly glucose or sugars).

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Cell Biology PDF

Description

Explore the fascinating world of cells, the basic units of life, and their diverse functions and structures. This quiz delves into the historical milestones from the discovery of cells to the development of cell theory. Test your knowledge on key figures and concepts that shaped our understanding of cellular biology.

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