Cell Biology and History
48 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Who was the first to observe live cells?

  • Robert Hooke
  • Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (correct)
  • Rudolf Virchow
  • Matthias Schleiden

    • All cells are capable of adapting to changes in their environment.

    True

    What is the primary use of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) in microscopy?

  • To stain the entire cell
  • To label a specific component of the cell (correct)
  • To enhance contrast in electron microscopy
  • To measure cell size

    • What is cell theory?

    <p>A scientific theory stating that all living organisms are composed of one or more cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Phase-contrast microscopy requires staining of specimens to visualize them.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cells can perform necessary maintenance, recycle parts, and dispose of _______.

    <p>wastes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process involves breaking up the cell using high temperature or sonication?

    <p>Cell fractionation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientist contributed to the statement that all cells come from the division of pre-existing cells?

    <p>Rudolf Virchow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cell membrane is sometimes referred to as the ______.

    <p>plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the microscopy technique with its primary characteristic:

    <p>Fluorescence microscopy = Uses fluorescent markers to label cells Phase-contrast microscopy = Reveals details of transparent specimens Transmission electron microscopy = Involves metal staining and electron passing Cytometry = Measures light scatter and fluorescence intensity of cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following scientists with their contributions to cell theory:

    <p>Theodor Schwann = Co-founder of cell theory Matthias Schleiden = Co-founder of cell theory Rudolf Virchow = Added that all cells come from pre-existing cells Robert Hooke = First to name cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cells are always oval-shaped.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technique measures cell size, count, and morphology?

    <p>Cytometry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What instrument was essential for the discovery of cells?

    <p>Light microscope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Phospholipids in the cell membrane allow water-loving substances to freely cross the membrane.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of microscopy involves passing electrons through cells?

    <p>Transmission electron microscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organelles is responsible for energy transfer in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All organelles in eukaryotic cells are static and do not change their position.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>It stores genetic material.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The membranes surrounding eukaryotic organelles are based on a __________ bilayer.

    <p>lipid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following organelles with their functions:

    <p>Chloroplasts = Photosynthesis Lysosomes = Digestion and waste removal Golgi apparatus = Protein modification and packaging Endoplasmic reticulum = Protein and lipid synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ATP in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Acting as an energy source</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Electron microscopy is a powerful tool for visualizing the structure of eukaryotic organelles.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the membranes that surround eukaryotic organelles.

    <p>They are based on lipid bilayers and separate organelles from the rest of the cellular space.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the endosymbiotic hypothesis related to?

    <p>The origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mitochondria are found in all organisms, including bacteria.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What two forms of energy do mitochondria and chloroplasts help convert?

    <p>Chemical energy and solar energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chloroplasts evolved from ______ prokaryotes similar to modern-day cyanobacteria.

    <p>photosynthetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the organelles with their primary function:

    <p>Mitochondria = Produce ATP energy Chloroplasts = Convert solar energy into glucose Nuclear membrane = Separate DNA from cytoplasm Prokaryotic cells = Lack membrane-bound organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a necessary function of chloroplasts?

    <p>Converting solar energy to sugars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eukaryotic cells contain structures and organelles that are absent in prokaryotic cells.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do mitochondria utilize to generate energy?

    <p>Oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one major difference between stepwise oxidation of sugar and direct burning of sugar?

    <p>Stepwise oxidation releases energy more efficiently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Enzymes increase the activation energy needed for reactions to occur.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What energy-rich molecules are produced from the oxidation reactions?

    <p>ATP and NADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Electron acceptor molecules capture energy lost during __________ reactions.

    <p>oxidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following energy pathways with their characteristics:

    <p>Stepwise oxidation = Efficient energy storage Direct burning = Releases most energy as heat Enzyme-catalyzed reactions = Lower activation energy Non-catalyzed reactions = Higher activation energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do enzymes play in chemical reactions within a cell?

    <p>They catalyze reactions by lowering energy barriers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The activation energy is the same in both enzyme-catalyzed and non-catalyzed reactions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The waste produced from the complete oxidation of carbon atoms from food molecules is released as __________.

    <p>carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of photosynthesis in organisms?

    <p>To convert carbon dioxide into sugar and oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Phytoplankton produce no atmospheric oxygen on Earth.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the major pigments involved in photosynthesis?

    <p>Chlorophyll A and other pigments including red, brown, and blue pigments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In plants, photosynthesis takes place in the __________.

    <p>chloroplasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process occurs as a result of respiration in cells?

    <p>Production of ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following pigments with their characteristics:

    <p>Chlorophyll A = Primary pigment in photosynthesis Red pigments = Associated with dinoflagellates Brown pigments = Common in certain algae Blue pigments = May channel light energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chlorophyll reflects blue light and absorbs green light most strongly.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the space between the thylakoid and the chloroplast membranes called?

    <p>Stroma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cell Biology

    • Cells are the fundamental units of life.
    • They perform all life functions, such as eating, growing, moving, maintaining themselves, recycling parts, disposing of waste, adapting to environmental changes, and replicating.
    • Cells vary in size, from single-celled organisms like bacteria and yeast to complex multicellular organisms.
    • Light microscopy was essential for the discovery of cells.
    • Nerve cells can be over a meter long.
    • Cells have varied shapes.
    • Cells have a variety of intricate and remarkable shapes in three dimensions.

    Cell History

    • Cells were first observed in the 17th century with the advent of the compound microscope.
    • Robert Hooke in 1665 observed cork cells, but they were dead.
    • Anton van Leeuwenhoek observed live cells in algae in 1674.
    • The cell theory was developed that all living things are made up of cells and that cells are the functional and structural units of organisms. This was concluded by Matthias Schleiden (plants) and Theodor Schwann (animals) in 1838.
    • Rudolf Virchow (1855) added the principle that all cells come from pre-existing cells to the cell theory.

    Cell Theory

    • All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
    • The cell is the most basic unit of life.
    • All cells arise from pre-existing cells.

    Modern Interpretation of Cell Theory

    • All known living things are made up of one or more cells.
    • All living cells arise from pre-existing cells by division.
    • The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living organisms.
    • The activity of an organism depends on the total activity of independent cells.
    • Energy flow (metabolism and biochemistry) occurs within cells.
    • Cells contain DNA, which is specifically located in the chromosome, and RNA, found in the cell nucleus and cytoplasm.
    • All cells are essentially the same chemically in organisms of similar species.

    Cell Techniques

    • Cell culture: Uses rapidly growing cells on media to study cells.
    • Microscopy: Used to study the structure and function of cells (e.g., fluorescence microscopy, phase-contrast microscopy, transmission electron microscopy).
    • Cytometry: Measures cell size, count, morphology, and more using flow cytometers.
    • Cell fractionation: Breaks cells down into components using centrifugation.

    Cell Composition

    • Cells are enclosed by cell membranes.
    • The interior of the cell is made up of cytoplasm, a water-based liquid environment containing cellular machinery and structural components.
    • Intracellular molecules and organelles include DNA, RNA proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, monosaccharides, fatty acids, amino acids, and nucleotides.
    • Nucleic acids have genetic code (DNA and RNA); proteins are substances made of amino acid chains.
    • Carbohydrates are another important organic molecule in the form of starches and sugars.

    Cell Energy

    • Eukaryotic cells use mitochondria to make energy.
    • Mitochondria have a double membrane and produce ATP (energy).
    • Prokaryotes generally use electron transport chains in their plasma membranes to obtain usable energy.
    • Cells obtain their energy primarily from food molecules (sugars and fats).
    • Cells have pathways to convert energy from food sources to ATP. Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate, then the citric acid cycle converts pyruvate into more energy molecules. The electron transport chain uses this energy to produce ATP.
    • Photosynthetic cells capture light energy and convert it to chemical energy (mostly glucose or sugars).

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Cell Biology PDF

    Description

    Explore the fascinating world of cells, the basic units of life, and their diverse functions and structures. This quiz delves into the historical milestones from the discovery of cells to the development of cell theory. Test your knowledge on key figures and concepts that shaped our understanding of cellular biology.

    More Like This

    Biology Chapter: The Cell and Microscopy
    5 questions

    Biology Chapter: The Cell and Microscopy

    GoldenFresno avatar
    GoldenFresno
    Biology Chapter: The Cell Theory
    40 questions

    Biology Chapter: The Cell Theory

    GladApostrophe avatar
    GladApostrophe
    Cell Biology: Theory and Microscopy
    40 questions

    Cell Biology: Theory and Microscopy

    UnforgettableBowenite9208 avatar
    UnforgettableBowenite9208
    Biology Quiz: Microscopes and Cell Theory
    50 questions

    Biology Quiz: Microscopes and Cell Theory

    PolishedMossAgate3143 avatar
    PolishedMossAgate3143
    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser