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Questions and Answers
Who was the first to observe live cells?
Who was the first to observe live cells?
All cells are capable of adapting to changes in their environment.
All cells are capable of adapting to changes in their environment.
True
What is the primary use of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) in microscopy?
What is the primary use of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) in microscopy?
What is cell theory?
What is cell theory?
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Phase-contrast microscopy requires staining of specimens to visualize them.
Phase-contrast microscopy requires staining of specimens to visualize them.
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Cells can perform necessary maintenance, recycle parts, and dispose of _______.
Cells can perform necessary maintenance, recycle parts, and dispose of _______.
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What process involves breaking up the cell using high temperature or sonication?
What process involves breaking up the cell using high temperature or sonication?
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Which scientist contributed to the statement that all cells come from the division of pre-existing cells?
Which scientist contributed to the statement that all cells come from the division of pre-existing cells?
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The cell membrane is sometimes referred to as the ______.
The cell membrane is sometimes referred to as the ______.
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Match the microscopy technique with its primary characteristic:
Match the microscopy technique with its primary characteristic:
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Match the following scientists with their contributions to cell theory:
Match the following scientists with their contributions to cell theory:
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Cells are always oval-shaped.
Cells are always oval-shaped.
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What technique measures cell size, count, and morphology?
What technique measures cell size, count, and morphology?
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What instrument was essential for the discovery of cells?
What instrument was essential for the discovery of cells?
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Phospholipids in the cell membrane allow water-loving substances to freely cross the membrane.
Phospholipids in the cell membrane allow water-loving substances to freely cross the membrane.
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What type of microscopy involves passing electrons through cells?
What type of microscopy involves passing electrons through cells?
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Which of the following organelles is responsible for energy transfer in eukaryotic cells?
Which of the following organelles is responsible for energy transfer in eukaryotic cells?
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All organelles in eukaryotic cells are static and do not change their position.
All organelles in eukaryotic cells are static and do not change their position.
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What is the primary function of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells?
What is the primary function of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells?
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The membranes surrounding eukaryotic organelles are based on a __________ bilayer.
The membranes surrounding eukaryotic organelles are based on a __________ bilayer.
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Match the following organelles with their functions:
Match the following organelles with their functions:
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What is the role of ATP in eukaryotic cells?
What is the role of ATP in eukaryotic cells?
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Electron microscopy is a powerful tool for visualizing the structure of eukaryotic organelles.
Electron microscopy is a powerful tool for visualizing the structure of eukaryotic organelles.
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Describe the membranes that surround eukaryotic organelles.
Describe the membranes that surround eukaryotic organelles.
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What is the endosymbiotic hypothesis related to?
What is the endosymbiotic hypothesis related to?
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Mitochondria are found in all organisms, including bacteria.
Mitochondria are found in all organisms, including bacteria.
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What two forms of energy do mitochondria and chloroplasts help convert?
What two forms of energy do mitochondria and chloroplasts help convert?
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Chloroplasts evolved from ______ prokaryotes similar to modern-day cyanobacteria.
Chloroplasts evolved from ______ prokaryotes similar to modern-day cyanobacteria.
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Match the organelles with their primary function:
Match the organelles with their primary function:
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Which of the following is a necessary function of chloroplasts?
Which of the following is a necessary function of chloroplasts?
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Eukaryotic cells contain structures and organelles that are absent in prokaryotic cells.
Eukaryotic cells contain structures and organelles that are absent in prokaryotic cells.
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What do mitochondria utilize to generate energy?
What do mitochondria utilize to generate energy?
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What is one major difference between stepwise oxidation of sugar and direct burning of sugar?
What is one major difference between stepwise oxidation of sugar and direct burning of sugar?
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Enzymes increase the activation energy needed for reactions to occur.
Enzymes increase the activation energy needed for reactions to occur.
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What energy-rich molecules are produced from the oxidation reactions?
What energy-rich molecules are produced from the oxidation reactions?
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Electron acceptor molecules capture energy lost during __________ reactions.
Electron acceptor molecules capture energy lost during __________ reactions.
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Match the following energy pathways with their characteristics:
Match the following energy pathways with their characteristics:
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What role do enzymes play in chemical reactions within a cell?
What role do enzymes play in chemical reactions within a cell?
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The activation energy is the same in both enzyme-catalyzed and non-catalyzed reactions.
The activation energy is the same in both enzyme-catalyzed and non-catalyzed reactions.
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The waste produced from the complete oxidation of carbon atoms from food molecules is released as __________.
The waste produced from the complete oxidation of carbon atoms from food molecules is released as __________.
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What is the primary function of photosynthesis in organisms?
What is the primary function of photosynthesis in organisms?
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Phytoplankton produce no atmospheric oxygen on Earth.
Phytoplankton produce no atmospheric oxygen on Earth.
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What are the major pigments involved in photosynthesis?
What are the major pigments involved in photosynthesis?
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In plants, photosynthesis takes place in the __________.
In plants, photosynthesis takes place in the __________.
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Which process occurs as a result of respiration in cells?
Which process occurs as a result of respiration in cells?
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Match the following pigments with their characteristics:
Match the following pigments with their characteristics:
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Chlorophyll reflects blue light and absorbs green light most strongly.
Chlorophyll reflects blue light and absorbs green light most strongly.
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What is the space between the thylakoid and the chloroplast membranes called?
What is the space between the thylakoid and the chloroplast membranes called?
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Study Notes
Cell Biology
- Cells are the fundamental units of life.
- They perform all life functions, such as eating, growing, moving, maintaining themselves, recycling parts, disposing of waste, adapting to environmental changes, and replicating.
- Cells vary in size, from single-celled organisms like bacteria and yeast to complex multicellular organisms.
- Light microscopy was essential for the discovery of cells.
- Nerve cells can be over a meter long.
- Cells have varied shapes.
- Cells have a variety of intricate and remarkable shapes in three dimensions.
Cell History
- Cells were first observed in the 17th century with the advent of the compound microscope.
- Robert Hooke in 1665 observed cork cells, but they were dead.
- Anton van Leeuwenhoek observed live cells in algae in 1674.
- The cell theory was developed that all living things are made up of cells and that cells are the functional and structural units of organisms. This was concluded by Matthias Schleiden (plants) and Theodor Schwann (animals) in 1838.
- Rudolf Virchow (1855) added the principle that all cells come from pre-existing cells to the cell theory.
Cell Theory
- All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
- The cell is the most basic unit of life.
- All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
Modern Interpretation of Cell Theory
- All known living things are made up of one or more cells.
- All living cells arise from pre-existing cells by division.
- The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living organisms.
- The activity of an organism depends on the total activity of independent cells.
- Energy flow (metabolism and biochemistry) occurs within cells.
- Cells contain DNA, which is specifically located in the chromosome, and RNA, found in the cell nucleus and cytoplasm.
- All cells are essentially the same chemically in organisms of similar species.
Cell Techniques
- Cell culture: Uses rapidly growing cells on media to study cells.
- Microscopy: Used to study the structure and function of cells (e.g., fluorescence microscopy, phase-contrast microscopy, transmission electron microscopy).
- Cytometry: Measures cell size, count, morphology, and more using flow cytometers.
- Cell fractionation: Breaks cells down into components using centrifugation.
Cell Composition
- Cells are enclosed by cell membranes.
- The interior of the cell is made up of cytoplasm, a water-based liquid environment containing cellular machinery and structural components.
- Intracellular molecules and organelles include DNA, RNA proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, monosaccharides, fatty acids, amino acids, and nucleotides.
- Nucleic acids have genetic code (DNA and RNA); proteins are substances made of amino acid chains.
- Carbohydrates are another important organic molecule in the form of starches and sugars.
Cell Energy
- Eukaryotic cells use mitochondria to make energy.
- Mitochondria have a double membrane and produce ATP (energy).
- Prokaryotes generally use electron transport chains in their plasma membranes to obtain usable energy.
- Cells obtain their energy primarily from food molecules (sugars and fats).
- Cells have pathways to convert energy from food sources to ATP. Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate, then the citric acid cycle converts pyruvate into more energy molecules. The electron transport chain uses this energy to produce ATP.
- Photosynthetic cells capture light energy and convert it to chemical energy (mostly glucose or sugars).
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of cells, the basic units of life, and their diverse functions and structures. This quiz delves into the historical milestones from the discovery of cells to the development of cell theory. Test your knowledge on key figures and concepts that shaped our understanding of cellular biology.
