Cell Biology and Epithelial Tissue Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is one of the primary functions of the microvilli on the apical surfaces of epithelial cells?

Increase absorption or secretion (correct)

Provide structural support

Facilitate cell division

Enhance permeability

Which statement correctly describes ciliated epithelium?

It is responsible for sensation.

It appears flat and thin at the cellular level.

It helps to transport fluids across the epithelial surface. (correct)

It primarily functions in secretion.

How are epithelial cells maintained and repaired?

Through external physical injury

By the division of neighboring mature cells

Through apoptosis of old cells

By division of germinative cells near the basement membrane (correct)

Which type of epithelial tissue is characterized by its square-shaped cells?

Cuboidal epithelium Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of epithelial tissue?

It lacks polarity in its cellular arrangement. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of loose connective tissue compared to dense connective tissue?

Less fibers and more ground substance Signup and view all the answers

Which type of connective tissue is classified as dense irregular connective tissue?

Deep dermis Signup and view all the answers

What primarily distinguishes dense regular connective tissue from other connective tissue types?

Tightly packed fibers with high collagen content Signup and view all the answers

What is a common example of dense connective tissue?

Ligaments Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of dense connective tissue?

More ground substance than fibers Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during Prophase I of meiosis?

Homologous chromosomes pair up. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of crossing over in meiosis?

It contributes to genetic diversity. Signup and view all the answers

What happens during Anaphase I of meiosis?

Homologous chromosomes are pulled apart. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes Telophase I?

Homologous chromosomes are separated. Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of daughter cells after Meiosis II?

Each cell contains 23 chromosomes. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tissue forms structures with specific functions in the body?

All types of tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which organ systems can the organs be grouped into?

11 organ systems Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes connective tissue?

It connects various tissues and supports organs. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tissue provides firm attachment and stabilizes positions of bones?

Dense Regular Connective Tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Elastic Tissue?

Permits expansion and contraction of organs Signup and view all the answers

Where is Dense Irregular Connective Tissue commonly found?

Capsules of visceral organs Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of tendons in the body?

To connect bone to muscle Signup and view all the answers

Which blood component is responsible for blood clotting?

Platelets Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of fluid extracellular ground substance in connective tissue?

Determines specialized function Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of connective tissue?

Producing neural signals Signup and view all the answers

What function does Dense Irregular Connective Tissue serve in the dermis?

Provides strength to resist forces Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary formed elements of blood?

Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets Signup and view all the answers

Which type of connective tissue is primarily responsible for transporting materials throughout the body?

Blood Signup and view all the answers

Which type of connective tissue is not characterized by a good blood supply?

Dense Regular Connective Tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell is primarily responsible for the formation of new connective tissue fibers?

Fibroblasts Signup and view all the answers

In terms of classification, which group does bone belong to?

Specialized connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which connective tissue type is crucial for resisting multi-directional forces?

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which type of elastic tissue is found in the spinal column?

Ligamentum flavum Signup and view all the answers

What function does connective tissue serve in relation to the body's structural framework?

Establishing a structural framework Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the composition of connective tissue?

Made up of cells, gels, and fibers Signup and view all the answers

Which function of connective tissue involves defending the body against microorganisms?

Immunity Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of skeletal muscle tissue?

Moves or stabilizes the skeleton Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is unique to cardiac muscle compared to skeletal and smooth muscle?

Intercalated discs Signup and view all the answers

Where is smooth muscle primarily located?

Walls of blood vessels Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main functions of neural tissue?

Conducts electrical impulses Signup and view all the answers

Which cell shape is associated with smooth muscle tissue?

Spindle-shaped Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle tissue helps control the diameter of respiratory passageways?

Smooth muscle Signup and view all the answers

What describes the nucleation of cardiac muscle cells?

Single central nucleus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of smooth muscle tissue?

Circulates blood Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Understanding the Organization of the Human Body

This presentation covers the anatomy and physiology of the human body, focusing on cells, tissues, and organ systems.
Learning objectives include describing organelles and their functions, explaining genetic code, and detailing plasma membrane functions.
The cell life cycle, including mitosis, interphase, and cytokinesis, is discussed.
Four major tissue types (epithelial, connective, muscle, and neural) and their organization in organs and systems are also addressed.
The concept of homeostasis, negative feedback, and positive feedback are explained.

Outline

Introduction to human cells
Structure of a typical mammalian cell (subcellular organelles)
Plasma membrane structure and functions
Cell life cycle detailing mitosis and meiosis
Body tissues (Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Neural)
Homeostasis

An Introduction to Human Cells

Sex cells (Germ cells): Reproductive cells (ova/sperm; meiosis)
Somatic cells: All body cells other than sex cells (mitosis)

Anatomy of a Model Cell (Parts 1 & 2)

Cytoskeleton: Protein filaments for structural support and movement
Plasma membrane: Lipid bilayer with embedded proteins for isolation, transport, and sensitivity
Specific organelles like the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), ribosomes, Golgi apparatus and mitochondria are discussed, including function and structure

Plasma Membrane

Extracellular fluid (interstitial fluid): Watery medium surrounding the cell
Plasma membrane (cell membrane): Separates the cytoplasm from the extracellular fluid.
Cytosol: Liquid component of cytoplasm
Organelles: Intracellular structures inside the cell.

Functions of the Plasma Membrane

Acts as a barrier separating inside and outside of the cell.
Controls the flow of substances into and out of the cell
Helps identify the cell to other cells—e.g., immune cells
Participates in intercellular signaling

Anatomy of a Model Cell (Part 3 & 4)

Microvilli: Extensions of the plasma membrane increasing surface area for absorption
Cilia: Long extensions of the plasma membrane, often involved in moving materials over cell surfaces.
Ribosomes: Involved in protein synthesis, located on the rough endoplasmic reticulum or free in the cytoplasm
Rough/Smooth ER/Golgi apparatus: involved in modifying and packaging proteins and synthesis of carbohydrates

Anatomy of a Model Cell (Part 5)

Nucleus: Contains DNA, the control center of the cell
Golgi apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion
Mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell, responsible for cellular respiration and generating ATP
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Involved in protein and lipid synthesis

Organelles and the Cytoplasm

Cytoplasm: Materials inside the cell (outside the nucleus)
Cytosol: Fluid component of cytoplasm
Materials dissolved in the cytosol include nutrients, ions, proteins, and waste products
Other cellular structures that form organelles play specific roles.

Cell Nucleus

Largest organelle, control center
Contains DNA enclosed by a double membrane (nuclear envelope).
Pores (nuclear pores) in the nuclear envelope allow communication between the nucleus and cytoplasm
DNA organized into chromatin (heterochromatin and euchromatin).

Cell Nucleus (continued)

Contents: DNA, nucleoplasm (fluid containing ions, enzymes, nucleotides, and RNA), nuclear matrix (support filaments).
DNA contains instructions for all body proteins.

Protein Synthesis

Gene activation: Activates DNA to create instructions needed to make proteins.
RNA polymerase creates a messenger RNA (mRNA) copy of a gene
Translation is the process of a transfer RNA (tRNA) anticodon attaching to the mRNA codon to assemble the amino acids.
RER and Golgi apparatus are involved in post-translational modification and packaging.

Cell Life Cycle (continued)

Three stages of mitosis: DNA replication, divisions of genetic material (mitosis), cytokinesis (division of cytoplasm)
Purpose of cell division is to growth, repair and asexual reproduction

Mitosis

Cell division results in two diploid cells from one diploid parent cell (each cell has a complete copy of the original DNA)
Includes phases of Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase

Meiosis

Two cell-division steps
Produce gametes (ova and sperm)
Only occurs in gonads (ovaries and testes)
Creates four haploid cells from one diploid cell with half as many chromosomes

An Introduction to Tissues

Tissues are structures with discrete structural and functional properties.
Tissues combine to form organs (e.g., heart, liver)
Organs are organized into organ systems (e.g., integumentary, nervous, endocrine, skeletal, muscular, circulatory, immune, respiratory, urinary, digestive, reproductive).

Four Types of Tissue

Epithelial tissue coverings and linings
Connective tissue- support and connect
Muscle tissue- movement
Nervous tissue- conducts impulses

Epithelial Tissue

Forms coverings (i.e., skin) and linings (i.e., inner linings of organs and blood vessels)
Has specialized cells (e.g. glands) that produce secretions
Characteristics: polarity (apical and basal surfaces), attachment (basement membrane), avascularity, and regeneration

Connective Tissue

Tissues include gel/fibers/cells to provide support and connection.
Includes loose tissue, dense tissue, and specialized tissues like cartilage and bone.
Specialized cells (e.g., RBCs, WBCs) and ECM (extracellular matrix)

Fluid Connective Tissues

Includes blood and lymph
Contains a watery matrix of proteins and various cells (e.g., RBCs, WBCs, platelets)

Supporting Connective Tissues

Cartilage- shock absorbers
Bone- calcified and providing weight support.

Muscle Tissue

Specialized for contraction, producing movement.
Includes skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle.

Neural Tissue

Specialized for conducting electrical impulses and processing information.
Includes neurons (nerve cells) and neuroglia (supporting cells).

Organs and Systems

Groups of organs that work together to perform related functions.
Examples include the integumentary system, the circulatory system, the nervous system etc

Homeostasis

The body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment, despite fluctuations in the external environment.
Systems respond to maintain homeostasis via feedback loops (positive and negative).

Negative and Positive Feedback

Negative feedback: Maintains homeostasis. The response negates the stimulus, leading the body back to the normal range.
Positive feedback: Amplifies the stimulus. The response enhances the changes away from the normal range. Examples include child birth and blood clotting

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Description

Test your knowledge on the structure and functions of epithelial and connective tissues, as well as the process of meiosis. This quiz covers key characteristics, roles, and the cellular mechanisms involved in these vital biological systems.