Cell Biology and Cancer Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which process involves the movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration?

  • Apoptosis
  • Osmosis (correct)
  • Mutation
  • Diffusion

    • All mutations lead to cancer.

    False

    What term describes the process of 'cellular suicide' during cell division when DNA damage is irreparable?

    apoptosis

    A substance that is known to be capable of causing cancer is called a ______.

    <p>carcinogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a benign tumor?

    <p>It is non-invasive and does not spread to other parts of the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characteristic of malignant tumors?

    <p>Unchecked cell division with rapid growth and spread.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When normal cells are in contact with other cells, they usually stop dividing. This property is known as ______ inhibition.

    <p>contact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Diffusion = Movement of molecules from high to low concentration G0 State = Resting state of a cell before replication Metastasis = Spread of cancer cells to other parts of the body Mutation = Permanent change in a cell's DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the key assessments performed at the G1 checkpoint?

    <p>Cell size, nutrient availability, molecular signals, and DNA damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The spindle checkpoint occurs during the G2 phase.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cancer cells lose ________, which is one of their key characteristics.

    <p>contact inhibition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the G2 checkpoint?

    <p>To ensure DNA replication is complete and there is no DNA damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a characteristic of cancer cells?

    <p>Abnormal structure with multiple nuclei and little cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cancer treatments with their method of action:

    <p>Surgery = Physical removal of cancerous tissue Chemotherapy = Drugs that stop or slow cell division Radiation therapy = Damage to the cellular DNA Immunotherapies = Stimulating the immune system to target cancerous cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Metastasis refers to cancer cells becoming specialized.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might chemotherapy lead to hair loss?

    <p>Chemotherapy targets rapidly dividing cells, including hair follicle cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of cancer cells makes them difficult to treat?

    <p>Their rapid spread to other parts of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All cells come from pre-existing cells.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the acronym MRS GREN stand for?

    <p>Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion, Nutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ controls cellular activities and contains DNA.

    <p>nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following organelles with their primary function:

    <p>Mitochondria = Produces energy through cellular respiration Ribosomes = Create proteins Lysosomes = Breaks down waste and bacteria Golgi apparatus = Processes and packages proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is only found in plant cells?

    <p>Cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is responsible for creating proteins.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the cell membrane?

    <p>Controls the flow of materials in and out of the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process by which cells create energy is called ______.

    <p>cellular respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct order of the living thing hierarchy, from smallest to largest?

    <p>Organelles → cells → tissue → organ → organ system → organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Diffusion

    • Movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration
    • Can occur through a semipermeable membrane, but not always

    Osmosis

    • Movement of water molecules from high water concentration to low water concentration
    • Always through a semipermeable membrane
    • Equilibrium is reached when the concentration of water is the same on both sides

    Apoptosis

    • "Cellular suicide"
    • A cell kills itself during the G2 checkpoint of cell division
    • If DNA damage is irreparable
    • Cell breaks down and its fragments are recycled or destroyed

    Go-resting State

    • If a cell doesn't pass the G1 checkpoint, it can enter a resting state
    • Waits for conditions suitable for replication

    Mutation

    • A permanent change in a cell's DNA
    • All cancers begin with a mutation that affects cell response to division signals
    • Mutations can be passed to other cells during mitosis, but not all mutations cause cancer

    Carcinogen

    • Substance, organism, or agent that can cause cancer
    • Examples include UV light, radiation, and chemicals

    Benign Tumour

    • Tumour that is not cancerous
    • Not invasive and does not spread to other parts of the body
    • Cell division is controlled and moderate
    • Relatively harmless, except when on the brain

    Malignant Tumour

    • Cancerous tumour
    • Cell division is uncontrolled and rapid
    • These cells spend little time in interphase
    • Can spread and damage surrounding cells
    • Can interfere with other cell functions

    Contact Inhibition

    • Normal cells are in contact with other cells and stick together
    • When cells get too close, they stop dividing (contact inhibition)
    • Cancer cells lose this ability and continue dividing even when crowded

    Metastasis

    • Cancer cells do not stick well to normal cells
    • Cancer cells can spread by moving and dividing in other parts of the body
    • Difficult to treat as the cancer spreads rapidly

    MRS GREND

    • Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion, Nutrition, Death
    • Characteristics of living things

    Cell Theory

    • All organisms are composed of one or more cells
    • The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in living things
    • All cells come from pre-existing cells

    Organelle Structures and Functions

    • Nucleus: Controls cell activities, holds DNA, the nucleolus makes ribosomes
    • Mitochondria: Makes energy for the cell through cellular respiration
    • Golgi apparatus: Processes and packages proteins
    • Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough & Smooth): Transports proteins and fats
    • Ribosomes: Create proteins
    • Lysosomes: Break down bacteria and waste
    • Vacuole: Stores water, food, and waste
    • Cell wall: Provides support and protection (plant cells only)
    • Chloroplast: Site of photosynthesis (plant cells only)

    Animal vs Plant Cells

    • Animal cells: Centrioles, rounded shape, smaller numerous vacuoles cell membrane
    • Plant cells: Chloroplast, geometric shape, cell wall + cell membrane, 1-2 large vacuoles

    Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells

    • Prokaryotic cells: unicellular, no membrane-bound organelles, simple functions
    • Eukaryotic cells: unicellular or multicellular, membrane-bound organelles, complex functions

    Cell Division Reasons

    • Reproduction: Asexual, genetic information passed to offspring
    • Growth: Increasing number of cells
    • Repair: Replacing damaged cells

    Cell Cycle

    • Cell growth
    • DNA replication
    • Interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis
    • Stages: G1, S, G2, Mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase), cytokinesis

    Cell Division Checkpoints

    • G1 checkpoint: Decides if the cell should divide
    • G2 checkpoint: Checks for complete DNA replication
    • M checkpoint: Checks spindle fiber attachment

    Cancer Cell Characteristics

    • Lack of contact inhibition
    • Metastasis
    • Abnormal structure
    • Lack of specialization

    Cancer Treatment Methods

    • Chemotherapy: Drugs that stop cancer cell division
    • Radiation therapy: Damage DNA of cancer cells
    • Biophotonics: Uses light to detect and treat cancer
    • Immunotherapy: Boosts the immune system to fight cancer

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on key concepts in cell biology and cancer mechanisms. This quiz covers important processes such as osmosis, apoptosis, and characteristics of tumors. Perfect for students studying cell biology and oncology.

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