Cell Biology and Cancer Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which process involves the movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration?

  • Apoptosis
  • Osmosis (correct)
  • Mutation
  • Diffusion

All mutations lead to cancer.

False (B)

What term describes the process of 'cellular suicide' during cell division when DNA damage is irreparable?

apoptosis

A substance that is known to be capable of causing cancer is called a ______.

<p>carcinogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a benign tumor?

<p>It is non-invasive and does not spread to other parts of the body. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is characteristic of malignant tumors?

<p>Unchecked cell division with rapid growth and spread. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When normal cells are in contact with other cells, they usually stop dividing. This property is known as ______ inhibition.

<p>contact</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>Diffusion = Movement of molecules from high to low concentration G0 State = Resting state of a cell before replication Metastasis = Spread of cancer cells to other parts of the body Mutation = Permanent change in a cell's DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the key assessments performed at the G1 checkpoint?

<p>Cell size, nutrient availability, molecular signals, and DNA damage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The spindle checkpoint occurs during the G2 phase.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cancer cells lose ________, which is one of their key characteristics.

<p>contact inhibition</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the G2 checkpoint?

<p>To ensure DNA replication is complete and there is no DNA damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a characteristic of cancer cells?

<p>Abnormal structure with multiple nuclei and little cytoplasm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following cancer treatments with their method of action:

<p>Surgery = Physical removal of cancerous tissue Chemotherapy = Drugs that stop or slow cell division Radiation therapy = Damage to the cellular DNA Immunotherapies = Stimulating the immune system to target cancerous cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Metastasis refers to cancer cells becoming specialized.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might chemotherapy lead to hair loss?

<p>Chemotherapy targets rapidly dividing cells, including hair follicle cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of cancer cells makes them difficult to treat?

<p>Their rapid spread to other parts of the body (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All cells come from pre-existing cells.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the acronym MRS GREN stand for?

<p>Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion, Nutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ controls cellular activities and contains DNA.

<p>nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following organelles with their primary function:

<p>Mitochondria = Produces energy through cellular respiration Ribosomes = Create proteins Lysosomes = Breaks down waste and bacteria Golgi apparatus = Processes and packages proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is only found in plant cells?

<p>Cell wall (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is responsible for creating proteins.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the cell membrane?

<p>Controls the flow of materials in and out of the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process by which cells create energy is called ______.

<p>cellular respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct order of the living thing hierarchy, from smallest to largest?

<p>Organelles → cells → tissue → organ → organ system → organism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Sensitivity

The ability of an organism to detect and respond to changes in its environment.

Growth

The ability of an organism to increase in size.

Reproduction

The ability of an organism to pass on genetic information to offspring.

Excretion

The ability of an organism to get rid of cellular waste.

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Nutrition

The ability of an organism to process nutrients or food for energy, growth, and development.

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Death

All organisms live only for a limited period of time.

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Organ

A structure of tissues that performs a specific function.

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Cell

The basic unit of life, the smallest living part of an organism.

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Organelles

Tiny "organs" within a cell that perform specific functions.

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What is Cell Theory?

All organisms are composed of one or more cells, all cells come from pre-existing cells, and the cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in living things.

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Diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration (can be through a semipermeable membrane but not always).

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Osmosis

Movement of WATER molecules from an area of high water concentration to an area of lower water concentration through a SEMIPERMEABLE membrane until equilibrium is reached.

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Apoptosis

“Cellular suicide” - when a cell kills itself during the G2 checkpoint of cell division because the damage of the DNA is irreparable.

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G0 - resting state

If the cell doesn’t pass the G1 checkpoint in cell division it can enter a resting state until conditions to replicate improve.

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Mutation

“Typo” in our genetic code. A permanent change in the cell’s DNA. All cancers start with a mutation which affects a cell’s response to division signals and can be passed to other cells through mitosis (though not all mutations cause cancer).

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Carcinogen

A substance, organism or agent that is capable of causing cancer (e.g. UV light, radiation, chemicals).

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Benign

The safe kind of tumour that is not cancerous. Not invasive and does not spread to other parts of the body because cell division is controlled and at a moderate speed. Relatively harmless unless on the brain.

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Malignant

The dangerous kind of tumour that is cancerous. Cell division is unchecked (by the checkpoints) and occurs rapidly. These cells spend little time in interphase and most of the time just dividing. Can spread and damage surrounding cells. Can interfere with the function of other cells. Contact inhibition Cancer cells lose their contact inhibition - normal cells are usually in contact with other cells and stick together, and when cells get too close they stop dividing → this is contact inhibition. When cancer cells lose this they continue to divide even when they are too crowded.Metastasis Cancer cells don’t stick together or to normal cells very well.

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G1 checkpoint

A checkpoint that occurs during the G1 phase of the cell cycle, ensuring that a cell is ready for DNA replication. This checkpoint checks for cell size, nutrient availability, positive signals from neighboring cells, and DNA damage.

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G2 checkpoint

A checkpoint that occurs at the end of the G2 phase, ensuring that DNA replication is complete and that there is no DNA damage. If errors are detected, the cell attempts repair. If irreparable damage occurs, the cell undergoes apoptosis.

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Spindle checkpoint (M checkpoint)

A checkpoint that occurs during mitosis (metaphase), checking that all sister chromatids are properly attached to spindle fibers before proceeding to anaphase. This ensures that chromosomes are evenly distributed to daughter cells.

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Loss of contact inhibition

A condition where cancer cells lose cell contact inhibition, meaning they grow uncontrollably without stopping at a specific point like normal cells.

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Metastasis

The spread of cancer cells from their original location to other parts of the body.

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Lack of Specialization

Cancer cells lack specialization, meaning they do not develop into specific cell types with specialized functions like normal cells.

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Chemotherapy

A method of cancer treatment that uses potent drugs to slow or stop cancer cells from dividing and spreading.

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Radiation therapy

A method of cancer treatment that uses high-energy radiation to damage cancer cells, preventing them from dividing further.

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Study Notes

Diffusion

  • Movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration
  • Can occur through a semipermeable membrane, but not always

Osmosis

  • Movement of water molecules from high water concentration to low water concentration
  • Always through a semipermeable membrane
  • Equilibrium is reached when the concentration of water is the same on both sides

Apoptosis

  • "Cellular suicide"
  • A cell kills itself during the G2 checkpoint of cell division
  • If DNA damage is irreparable
  • Cell breaks down and its fragments are recycled or destroyed

Go-resting State

  • If a cell doesn't pass the G1 checkpoint, it can enter a resting state
  • Waits for conditions suitable for replication

Mutation

  • A permanent change in a cell's DNA
  • All cancers begin with a mutation that affects cell response to division signals
  • Mutations can be passed to other cells during mitosis, but not all mutations cause cancer

Carcinogen

  • Substance, organism, or agent that can cause cancer
  • Examples include UV light, radiation, and chemicals

Benign Tumour

  • Tumour that is not cancerous
  • Not invasive and does not spread to other parts of the body
  • Cell division is controlled and moderate
  • Relatively harmless, except when on the brain

Malignant Tumour

  • Cancerous tumour
  • Cell division is uncontrolled and rapid
  • These cells spend little time in interphase
  • Can spread and damage surrounding cells
  • Can interfere with other cell functions

Contact Inhibition

  • Normal cells are in contact with other cells and stick together
  • When cells get too close, they stop dividing (contact inhibition)
  • Cancer cells lose this ability and continue dividing even when crowded

Metastasis

  • Cancer cells do not stick well to normal cells
  • Cancer cells can spread by moving and dividing in other parts of the body
  • Difficult to treat as the cancer spreads rapidly

MRS GREND

  • Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion, Nutrition, Death
  • Characteristics of living things

Cell Theory

  • All organisms are composed of one or more cells
  • The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in living things
  • All cells come from pre-existing cells

Organelle Structures and Functions

  • Nucleus: Controls cell activities, holds DNA, the nucleolus makes ribosomes
  • Mitochondria: Makes energy for the cell through cellular respiration
  • Golgi apparatus: Processes and packages proteins
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough & Smooth): Transports proteins and fats
  • Ribosomes: Create proteins
  • Lysosomes: Break down bacteria and waste
  • Vacuole: Stores water, food, and waste
  • Cell wall: Provides support and protection (plant cells only)
  • Chloroplast: Site of photosynthesis (plant cells only)

Animal vs Plant Cells

  • Animal cells: Centrioles, rounded shape, smaller numerous vacuoles cell membrane
  • Plant cells: Chloroplast, geometric shape, cell wall + cell membrane, 1-2 large vacuoles

Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells

  • Prokaryotic cells: unicellular, no membrane-bound organelles, simple functions
  • Eukaryotic cells: unicellular or multicellular, membrane-bound organelles, complex functions

Cell Division Reasons

  • Reproduction: Asexual, genetic information passed to offspring
  • Growth: Increasing number of cells
  • Repair: Replacing damaged cells

Cell Cycle

  • Cell growth
  • DNA replication
  • Interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis
  • Stages: G1, S, G2, Mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase), cytokinesis

Cell Division Checkpoints

  • G1 checkpoint: Decides if the cell should divide
  • G2 checkpoint: Checks for complete DNA replication
  • M checkpoint: Checks spindle fiber attachment

Cancer Cell Characteristics

  • Lack of contact inhibition
  • Metastasis
  • Abnormal structure
  • Lack of specialization

Cancer Treatment Methods

  • Chemotherapy: Drugs that stop cancer cell division
  • Radiation therapy: Damage DNA of cancer cells
  • Biophotonics: Uses light to detect and treat cancer
  • Immunotherapy: Boosts the immune system to fight cancer

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Biology Part 1 Unit Test PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts in cell biology and cancer mechanisms. This quiz covers important processes such as osmosis, apoptosis, and characteristics of tumors. Perfect for students studying cell biology and oncology.

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