Cell and Molecular Biology (BIOL 4803) Final Exam
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus?

  • Modification and sorting of proteins for transport (correct)
  • Energy production through ATP synthesis
  • Support of cell structure and shape
  • Lipid metabolism and detoxification

What is a characteristic of the mitochondrial genome?

  • Linear DNA inherited from both parents
  • Contains genes solely for lipid metabolism
  • Encodes proteins necessary for glycolysis
  • Circular DNA inherited maternally (correct)

Which of the following best describes the role of actin filaments in the cytoskeleton?

  • Assist in cell shape and movement (correct)
  • Form the structure of the mitotic spindle
  • Provide structural support to the cell
  • Facilitate intracellular transport

Which type of transport mechanism is characterized by the simultaneous movement of two substances in the same direction?

<p>Symport system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a mode of cell signaling?

<p>Esophageal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of lysosomes in a cell?

<p>Degradation of waste materials and cellular debris (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure in the plasma membrane is primarily responsible for its fluidity?

<p>Cholesterol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cytoskeletal element is primarily involved in muscle contraction?

<p>Actin filaments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes mitochondrial DNA from nuclear DNA?

<p>Mitochondrial DNA is circular and codes for a limited number of proteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism involves the movement of molecules down their concentration gradient without the need for energy?

<p>Facilitated diffusion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of signaling involves hormones released into the bloodstream affecting distant cells?

<p>Endocrine signaling (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of heat-shock proteins (HSP) in protein processing?

<p>Assisting in protein folding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which coat protein is primarily involved in vesicle transport from the Golgi apparatus to the endoplasmic reticulum?

<p>COP1 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of glycosylation in protein processing?

<p>Stabilization for proper protein function (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are nuclear localization signals primarily located in proteins?

<p>At the N-terminus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of gap junctions in cell membranes?

<p>Facilitating direct communication between adjacent cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure is responsible for assembling ribosomal RNA and proteins into ribosome subunits?

<p>Nucleolus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes lipid rafts?

<p>They serve as organizing centers for the assembly of signaling molecules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is true?

<p>Rough ER is characterized by the presence of ribosomes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of peroxisomes?

<p>They are involved in fatty acid oxidation and detoxification (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of ubiquitin in protein degradation?

<p>To tag proteins for degradation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bonds are present in cellulose?

<p>β-1,4 glycosidic bonds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is primarily responsible for aiding in proper protein folding?

<p>Chaperones and heat-shock proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of nucleotides in cellular function?

<p>Energy carriers like ATP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

<p>Ribosome-studded, facilitating protein synthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary composition of the bacterial cell wall?

<p>Peptidoglycan (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the glycocalyx?

<p>Facilitates cell-cell interactions and protects the cell surface (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the nucleolus in the cell?

<p>Synthesis of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a restructuring protein in the cell?

<p>Glycocalyx (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Plasma membrane

The outer boundary of a cell that controls what enters and exits, composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.

Phospholipids

Molecules that form the structural basis of the plasma membrane, composed of a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails.

Glycolipids

Lipids with attached carbohydrate chains, found on the outer surface of the plasma membrane, important in cell recognition and signaling.

Cholesterol role

Cholesterol helps maintain the fluidity and stability of the plasma membrane, preventing it from becoming too rigid or too fluid.

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Signal sequence

A short amino acid sequence that directs a protein to its correct destination within the cell.

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Glycosylation

The process of adding sugar molecules to a protein, which can influence its folding, stability, and function.

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Protein degradation pathway

A complex process by which damaged or unwanted proteins are broken down into smaller peptides and amino acids.

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Ubiquitin-proteasome pathway

A major protein degradation pathway. Ubiquitin tags targeted proteins for destruction by the proteasome.

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Tight Junctions

Cell junctions that form a tight seal between adjacent cells, preventing leakage of fluids and molecules between cells. They are crucial for maintaining tissue barriers and preventing the passage of substances.

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Gap Junctions

Direct channels between adjacent cells that allow for rapid communication and exchange of small molecules, including ions, signaling molecules, and nutrients.

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What are the functions of plant vacuoles?

Plant vacuoles are large, fluid-filled organelles that play a crucial role in maintaining cell turgor pressure, storing nutrients, and regulating cell pH. They also act as storage compartments for pigments, toxins, and waste products.

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LDL Composition

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is a type of lipoprotein that transports cholesterol from the liver to cells. It consists of a core of cholesterol esters surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer containing cholesterol, apolipoproteins, and other lipids.

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What is receptor-mediated endocytosis?

A process by which cells internalize specific molecules through the formation of clathrin-coated vesicles. The process involves the binding of ligands to specific receptors on the cell surface, leading to the formation of an invagination and eventually a vesicle that pinches off and enters the cell.

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Lysosomes

Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles that contain a variety of hydrolytic enzymes. They function as the primary site of intracellular digestion, breaking down ingested particles, worn-out organelles, and cellular debris.

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Phagocytosis

A process by which cells engulf large particles, such as bacteria, viruses, or cell debris, into a phagosome. Phagocytosis is an important defense mechanism against pathogens and a crucial part of tissue remodeling and cellular waste disposal.

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Peroxisomes

Peroxisomes are small, membrane-bound organelles that contain enzymes involved in various metabolic reactions, particularly the breakdown of fatty acids and detoxification of harmful substances. They also play a role in biosynthesis of specific lipids.

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Golgi Apparatus Function

Modifies, packages, and sorts proteins for transport within the cell or secretion outside the cell.

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Endocytosis Types

A process of engulfing substances into the cell. Includes phagocytosis (engulfing large particles) and receptor-mediated endocytosis (specific uptake of molecules bound to receptors).

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Mitochondrial Genome

Circular DNA located within mitochondria, responsible for encoding proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation (energy production).

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Peroxisome Function

Organelles containing enzymes for lipid metabolism and detoxification, breaking down harmful substances like alcohol.

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Cytoskeleton Components

Network of protein filaments that provide structural support, cell shape, and facilitate movement. Includes actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments.

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Peptidoglycan

A complex polymer found in the cell walls of most bacteria, providing structural support and protection.

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Glycosidic Bonds

Covalent bonds linking sugar monomers together to form polysaccharides, such as starch, glycogen, and cellulose.

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Phospholipid Structure

Consists of a glycerol backbone linked to two fatty acids (hydrophobic tails) and a polar head group (hydrophilic).

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Glycocalyx Role

A protective layer of carbohydrates found on the surface of some cells, involved in cell-cell interactions and recognition.

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Nucleotides: Building Blocks

Molecules composed of a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base, serving as the building blocks of DNA and RNA.

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Protein Structure: Primary

The linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain, determined by the genetic code.

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Protein Structure: Quaternary

The arrangement and interaction of multiple polypeptide chains (subunits) to form a functional protein.

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Active Transport

Movement of molecules across a membrane against their concentration gradient, requiring energy.

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Study Notes

Cell and Molecular Biology (BIOL 4803) - Final Exam Topics Fall 2024

  • Chapter 1: Overview of Cells and Cell Research
    • Plasma membrane structure and function
      • Phospholipids (structure and where they are made)
      • Glycolipids (location and function)
      • Cholesterol's role in the plasma membrane
    • Model organisms in cell research and the origin of eukaryotic genomes
    • Bacterial cell structure and cell wall composition
  • Chapter 2: Molecules of Life
    • Bonds present in starch, glycogen, and cellulose
    • Structure of lipids
    • Role/functions of nucleotides
    • Structure of proteins (primary, secondary, tertiary, etc.)
    • Carrier proteins
    • Active transport, facilitated diffusion, and channel-mediated and passive diffusion (rates)
  • Chapter 10: Protein Processing and Regulation
    • Chaperones/chaperonins/HSPs (heat-shock proteins) and their functions
    • Cystic Fibrosis (detailed information)
    • Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI)/Peptidyl prolyl isomerase (location and functions)
    • Signal sequences (what they are and their functions/roles)
    • Signal peptidase (role/function)
    • Glycosylation, including its purpose
    • Regulation of protein function
    • Allosteric regulation
    • Protein degradation pathway
  • Chapter 11: The Nucleus
    • Nuclear envelope (structure and function)
    • Nuclear lamina (structure)
    • RNA processing (splicing, capping, polyadenylation)
    • Nucleolus (site of ribosomal RNA synthesis)
  • Chapter 12: Protein Sorting and Transport
    • ER structure and functions (rough ER, smooth ER)
    • Translocon (protein-conducting channel)
    • Golgi apparatus structure and function
    • Transport mechanisms (tight junctions, gap junctions, hemidesmosomes)
    • Modifications and sorting of proteins in the Golgi for transport
  • Chapter 13: Mitochondria and Peroxisomes
    • Mitochondrial genome (structure)
    • Peroxisomes (enzymes & functions)
  • Chapter 14: The Cytoskeleton
    • Cytoskeletal elements (actin filaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments, and their roles)
  • Chapter 15: Plasma Membrane
    • Phospholipids (structure/roles)
    • Lipid rafts (composition and signaling role)
    • Transport mechanisms (symport, antiport, uniport)
  • Chapter 16: Cell Signaling
    • Signaling modes (autocrine, paracrine, endocrine)
    • G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)
    • Second messengers (cAMP, cGMP, nitric oxide)
    • Peptide hormones (insulin, glucagon)

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Cell and Molecular Biology Final Exam Fall 2024 Topics - List

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Prepare for your final exam in Cell and Molecular Biology with this comprehensive quiz. Cover key topics including cell structure, molecules of life, and protein processing. Test your understanding of the essential concepts that shape the field of cell biology.

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