Physical Science -First Semester (2nd Quarter)
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Questions and Answers

Who supported the Earth-centered cosmology?

  • Brahe
  • Eudoxus
  • Aristotle
  • Plato (correct)

    • Who described nature as dynamic, powerful, and teleological?

  • Aristotle (correct)
  • Eudoxus
  • Plato
  • Brahe

    • Who measured the relative distances from the Earth to the Sun and the Moon?

  • Kepler
  • Aristarchus (correct)
  • Eudoxus
  • Galileo

    • Which astronomer made several key discoveries including the phases of Venus and the mountains of the moon?

    <p>Galileo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which astronomer published the Tychonic System, which represented the rotation of objects around the Earth and the Sun?

    <p>Brahe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Plato's 'Saving the Appearances', why did the planetary spheres rotate?

    <p>Because it was their natural motion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Aristotle describe as the four inanimate elements in nature?

    <p>Earth, water, air, and fire</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which astronomer described the motions of the heavens in terms of concentric spherical shells with the Earth at the center?

    <p>Eudoxus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Galileo discover about the moons of Jupiter?

    <p>There are four major moons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Tycho Brahe's model, which objects rotate around the Earth and which objects rotate around the Sun?

    <p>The Moon and the Sun rotate around the Earth, while the planets rotate around the Sun</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Plato's 'Saving the Appearances', how did he explain the irregular motions of the planets?

    <p>The planets moved in combinations of circular motions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Aristotle describe as the natural motion of the elements?

    <p>Moving towards the center of the Earth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Galileo discover about the apparent sizes of the stars?

    <p>They appear smaller when observed from Earth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Tycho Brahe's model, which objects rotate around the Earth?

    <p>The Moon and the Sun</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Eudoxus describe the motions of the heavens in terms of?

    <p>Concentric spherical shells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Aristotle, what are the two classes of motion?

    <p>Natural motion and violent motion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for Aristotle's Law of Motion?

    <p>V = F/R</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who derived the theories and explanations of motion that are generally accepted today?

    <p>Galileo Galilei and Isaac Newton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the study of motion or movement and what produces and affects it called?

    <p>Mechanics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what are celestial bodies?

    <p>Natural bodies outside of the Earth's atmosphere, such as the Moon, Sun, and other planets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Aristotle, what are the two classes of motion?

    <p>Natural motion and violent motion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which astronomer derived the theories and explanations of motion that are generally accepted today?

    <p>Galileo Galilei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Aristotle describe as the natural motion of the elements?

    <p>Circular motion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what are celestial bodies?

    <p>Any natural body outside of the Earth's atmosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the study of motion or movement and what produces and affects it called?

    <p>Mechanics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Aristotle, what are the two classes of motion?

    <p>Natural motion and violent motion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the study of motion or movement and what produces and affects it called?

    <p>Mechanics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who derived the theories and explanations of motion that are generally accepted today?

    <p>Galileo Galilei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Aristotle describe as the natural motion of the elements?

    <p>Vertical motion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for Aristotle's Law of Motion?

    <p>V = F / R</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which equation represents the calculation for gravitational force in Example #1?

    <p>$Fg = (6.67 x 10^{-11} Nm^2/kg^2)(5.98 x 10^{24} kg)(70 kg) (6.38 x 10^6 m)^2$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the value of gravitational constant G in Example #2?

    <p>$6.67 x 10^{-11} Nm^2/kg^2$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mass of the first body (m₁) in Example #2?

    <p>$6.0 x 10^{24} kg$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the value of distance (r) in Example #2?

    <p>$3.8 x 10^{8} m$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the gravitational force (Fg) in Example #2?

    <p>$2.1 x 10^{20} N$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which equation represents the calculation for gravitational force in Example #1?

    <p>$Fg = (6.67 x 10⁻¹¹ Nm²/kg²)(5.98 x 10²⁴ kg)(70 kg) (6.38 x 10⁶ m)²$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the value of gravitational constant G in Example #2?

    <p>$6.67 x 10⁻¹¹ Nm²/kg²$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mass of the first body (m₁) in Example #2?

    <p>$6.0 x 10²⁴ kg$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the value of distance (r) in Example #2?

    <p>$3.8 x 10⁸ m$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the gravitational force (Fg) in Example #2?

    <p>$2.1 x 10²⁰ N$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which equation represents the calculation for gravitational force in Example #1?

    <p>$Fg = (6.673 x 10^{-11} Nm^2/kg^2)(5.98 x 10^{24} kg)(70 kg) (6.38 x 10^6 m)^2$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the value of gravitational constant G in Example #2?

    <p>$6.67 x 10^{-11} Nm^2/kg^2$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the value of distance (r) in Example #2?

    <p>$3.8 x 10^8 m$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the gravitational force (Fg) in Example #2?

    <p>$2.1 x 10^{20} N$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mass of the first body (m₁) in Example #2?

    <p>$6.0 x 10^{24} kg$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of energy is often called 'energy in motion'?

    <p>Kinetic Energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When work is done against gravity, what is changed?

    <p>Height</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced when work is done against friction?

    <p>Heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors can contribute to the potential energy possessed by a body?

    <p>Position and stresses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is potential energy?

    <p>Energy possessed by an object due to its position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes kinetic energy?

    <p>It is the energy possessed by a body in motion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when work is done against gravity?

    <p>The object's height changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is potential energy?

    <p>The energy possessed by a body due to its position relative to others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that can contribute to the potential energy possessed by a body?

    <p>Motion of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced when work is done against friction?

    <p>Heat is produced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes potential energy?

    <p>Potential energy is the energy possessed by an object due to its position or other factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is kinetic energy often called?

    <p>Energy in motion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When work is done against gravity, what is changed?

    <p>The object's height</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When work is done against friction, what is produced?

    <p>Heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors contribute to potential energy?

    <p>The object's position and electric charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes kinetic energy?

    <p>Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by a body due to its motion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when work is done against gravity?

    <p>The object's height changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is potential energy?

    <p>The energy possessed by a body due to its position relative to others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced when work is done against friction?

    <p>Heat is produced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors contribute to potential energy?

    <p>Height and position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which primary colors combine to create the color magenta?

    <p>Red and Blue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three different kinds of color-sensitive cells in the human eyes called?

    <p>Cones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which model of light is responsible for the widely known fact that light is a wave?

    <p>The Wave Model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the optical phenomenon that allows us to see objects through reflection in flat mirrors called?

    <p>Regular or Specular Reflection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a ray of light when it encounters a boundary leading into another transparent medium?

    <p>It is reflected and refracted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which model of light is responsible for the widely known fact that light is a wave?

    <p>Wave Model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the optical phenomenon that allows us to see objects through reflection in flat mirrors called?

    <p>Regular reflection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three different kinds of color-sensitive cells in the human eyes called?

    <p>Cones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a ray of light travels through a transparent medium and encounters a boundary leading into another transparent medium, what happens to the ray?

    <p>It is refracted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nature of light according to the Wave Model?

    <p>Wave</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which model of light is responsible for the widely known fact that light is a wave?

    <p>The Wave Model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a ray of light when it encounters a boundary leading into another transparent medium?

    <p>It is refracted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the optical phenomenon that allows us to see objects through reflection in flat mirrors called?

    <p>Specular reflection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three primary colors that the human eyes' color-sensitive cells called cones respond to?

    <p>Red, Green, Blue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nature of light according to the Photon Model?

    <p>Light is both a wave and a particle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who proposed an explanation for the caprices that seem to accompany most of the experiments on electricity?

    <p>Benjamin Franklin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who observed that all the shocking phenomena could be consistently accounted for assuming only one electrical fluid?

    <p>Benjamin Franklin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who repeated Luigi Galvani's experiments and confirmed his results?

    <p>Alessandro Volta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who extended Ohm's Law to deal with situations where more than one resistor was connected to more than one battery?

    <p>Gustav Kirchoff</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Whose name is used as the unit of electrical charge?

    <p>Charles A. De Coulomb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Luigi Galvani spend a lot of time doing in his laboratory?

    <p>Dissecting animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who proposed the two-fluid theory of electrical charges and rejected both the idea of the creation of electricity by friction and Franklin's single-fluid model?

    <p>Charles A. De Coulomb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who translated Faraday's theories into mathematical expressions and has an electromagnetic unit named in his honor?

    <p>James Maxwell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the unit of electrical charge named after a famous scientist?

    <p>Coulomb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who demonstrated that electric and magnetic fields travel through space as waves at the speed of light?

    <p>James Clerk Maxwell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who proposed the two-fluid theory of electrical charges and rejected both the idea of the creation of electricity by friction and Franklin's single-fluid model?

    <p>1734 Du Fay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who translated Faraday's theories into mathematical expressions and has an electromagnetic unit named in his honor?

    <p>1831-1879 James Maxwell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who repeated Galvani's experiments and confirmed his results, but came to a different and startling conclusion?

    <p>1745-1827 Alessandro Volta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who made major contributions to science and observed that all shocking phenomena could be consistently accounted for assuming only one electrical fluid?

    <p>1706-1790 Benjamin Franklin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who extended Ohm's Law to deal with situations where more than one resistor was connected to more than one battery?

    <p>1824-1887 Gustav Kirchoff</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Ancient Astronomy

    • Aristotle described nature as dynamic, powerful, and teleological.
    • Eudoxus described the motions of the heavens in terms of concentric spherical shells with the Earth at the center.
    • Plato explained the irregular motions of the planets by proposing that the planetary spheres rotate to "save the appearances" of celestial bodies.

    Renaissance Astronomy

    • Tycho Brahe measured the relative distances from the Earth to the Sun and the Moon.
    • Tycho Brahe published the Tychonic System, which represented the rotation of objects around the Earth and the Sun.
    • According to Tycho Brahe's model, the objects that rotate around the Earth are the Moon, Sun, and planets, while the fixed stars rotate around the Sun.

    Planetary Motions

    • Galileo discovered the phases of Venus and the mountains of the moon.
    • Galileo discovered four moons of Jupiter.

    Laws of Motion

    • Aristotle described the natural motion of the elements as being towards their natural places.
    • Aristotle's Law of Motion is F = ma (Force equals mass times acceleration).
    • According to Aristotle, the two classes of motion are natural and violent motions.

    Modern Physics

    • The study of motion or movement and what produces and affects it is called dynamics.
    • Celestial bodies are objects in the universe, such as planets, stars, and galaxies.

    Energy

    • Kinetic energy is often called "energy in motion".
    • When work is done against gravity, potential energy is changed.
    • When work is done against friction, heat is produced.
    • Factors that can contribute to the potential energy possessed by a body include gravity, elasticity, and electric charges.
    • Potential energy is the energy an object has due to its position or state.

    Light and Color

    • The three primary colors that the human eyes' color-sensitive cells called cones respond to are red, green, and blue.
    • The optical phenomenon that allows us to see objects through reflection in flat mirrors is called reflection.
    • When a ray of light travels through a transparent medium and encounters a boundary leading into another transparent medium, it refracts.
    • The nature of light according to the Wave Model is that light is a wave.

    Electricity

    • The unit of electrical charge is named after a famous scientist, the coulomb.
    • Alessandro Volta extended Ohm's Law to deal with situations where more than one resistor was connected to more than one battery.
    • James Clerk Maxwell translated Faraday's theories into mathematical expressions and has an electromagnetic unit named in his honor.
    • James Clerk Maxwell demonstrated that electric and magnetic fields travel through space as waves at the speed of light.

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