Physical Science -First Semester (2nd Quarter)

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Questions and Answers

Who supported the Earth-centered cosmology?

Plato

Who described nature as dynamic, powerful, and teleological?

Aristotle

Who measured the relative distances from the Earth to the Sun and the Moon?

Aristarchus

Which astronomer made several key discoveries including the phases of Venus and the mountains of the moon?

Galileo Signup and view all the answers

Which astronomer published the Tychonic System, which represented the rotation of objects around the Earth and the Sun?

Brahe Signup and view all the answers

According to Plato's 'Saving the Appearances', why did the planetary spheres rotate?

Because it was their natural motion Signup and view all the answers

What did Aristotle describe as the four inanimate elements in nature?

Earth, water, air, and fire Signup and view all the answers

Which astronomer described the motions of the heavens in terms of concentric spherical shells with the Earth at the center?

Eudoxus Signup and view all the answers

What did Galileo discover about the moons of Jupiter?

There are four major moons Signup and view all the answers

According to Tycho Brahe's model, which objects rotate around the Earth and which objects rotate around the Sun?

The Moon and the Sun rotate around the Earth, while the planets rotate around the Sun Signup and view all the answers

According to Plato's 'Saving the Appearances', how did he explain the irregular motions of the planets?

The planets moved in combinations of circular motions Signup and view all the answers

What did Aristotle describe as the natural motion of the elements?

Moving towards the center of the Earth Signup and view all the answers

What did Galileo discover about the apparent sizes of the stars?

They appear smaller when observed from Earth Signup and view all the answers

According to Tycho Brahe's model, which objects rotate around the Earth?

The Moon and the Sun Signup and view all the answers

What did Eudoxus describe the motions of the heavens in terms of?

Concentric spherical shells Signup and view all the answers

According to Aristotle, what are the two classes of motion?

Natural motion and violent motion Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for Aristotle's Law of Motion?

V = F/R Signup and view all the answers

Who derived the theories and explanations of motion that are generally accepted today?

Galileo Galilei and Isaac Newton Signup and view all the answers

What is the study of motion or movement and what produces and affects it called?

Mechanics Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what are celestial bodies?

Natural bodies outside of the Earth's atmosphere, such as the Moon, Sun, and other planets Signup and view all the answers

According to Aristotle, what are the two classes of motion?

Natural motion and violent motion Signup and view all the answers

Which astronomer derived the theories and explanations of motion that are generally accepted today?

Galileo Galilei Signup and view all the answers

What did Aristotle describe as the natural motion of the elements?

Circular motion Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what are celestial bodies?

Any natural body outside of the Earth's atmosphere Signup and view all the answers

What is the study of motion or movement and what produces and affects it called?

Mechanics Signup and view all the answers

According to Aristotle, what are the two classes of motion?

Natural motion and violent motion Signup and view all the answers

What is the study of motion or movement and what produces and affects it called?

Mechanics Signup and view all the answers

Who derived the theories and explanations of motion that are generally accepted today?

Galileo Galilei Signup and view all the answers

What did Aristotle describe as the natural motion of the elements?

Vertical motion Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for Aristotle's Law of Motion?

V = F / R Signup and view all the answers

Which equation represents the calculation for gravitational force in Example #1?

$Fg = (6.67 x 10^{-11} Nm^2/kg^2)(5.98 x 10^{24} kg)(70 kg) (6.38 x 10^6 m)^2$ Signup and view all the answers

What is the value of gravitational constant G in Example #2?

$6.67 x 10^{-11} Nm^2/kg^2$ Signup and view all the answers

What is the mass of the first body (m₁) in Example #2?

$6.0 x 10^{24} kg$ Signup and view all the answers

What is the value of distance (r) in Example #2?

$3.8 x 10^{8} m$ Signup and view all the answers

What is the gravitational force (Fg) in Example #2?

$2.1 x 10^{20} N$ Signup and view all the answers

Which equation represents the calculation for gravitational force in Example #1?

$Fg = (6.67 x 10⁻¹¹ Nm²/kg²)(5.98 x 10²⁴ kg)(70 kg) (6.38 x 10⁶ m)²$ Signup and view all the answers

What is the value of gravitational constant G in Example #2?

$6.67 x 10⁻¹¹ Nm²/kg²$ Signup and view all the answers

What is the mass of the first body (m₁) in Example #2?

$6.0 x 10²⁴ kg$ Signup and view all the answers

What is the value of distance (r) in Example #2?

$3.8 x 10⁸ m$ Signup and view all the answers

What is the gravitational force (Fg) in Example #2?

$2.1 x 10²⁰ N$ Signup and view all the answers

Which equation represents the calculation for gravitational force in Example #1?

$Fg = (6.673 x 10^{-11} Nm^2/kg^2)(5.98 x 10^{24} kg)(70 kg) (6.38 x 10^6 m)^2$ Signup and view all the answers

What is the value of gravitational constant G in Example #2?

$6.67 x 10^{-11} Nm^2/kg^2$ Signup and view all the answers

What is the value of distance (r) in Example #2?

$3.8 x 10^8 m$ Signup and view all the answers

What is the gravitational force (Fg) in Example #2?

$2.1 x 10^{20} N$ Signup and view all the answers

What is the mass of the first body (m₁) in Example #2?

$6.0 x 10^{24} kg$ Signup and view all the answers

Which type of energy is often called 'energy in motion'?

Kinetic Energy Signup and view all the answers

When work is done against gravity, what is changed?

Height Signup and view all the answers

What is produced when work is done against friction?

Heat Signup and view all the answers

What factors can contribute to the potential energy possessed by a body?

Position and stresses Signup and view all the answers

What is potential energy?

Energy possessed by an object due to its position Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes kinetic energy?

It is the energy possessed by a body in motion. Signup and view all the answers

What happens when work is done against gravity?

The object's height changes. Signup and view all the answers

What is potential energy?

The energy possessed by a body due to its position relative to others. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor that can contribute to the potential energy possessed by a body?

Motion of the body Signup and view all the answers

What is produced when work is done against friction?

Heat is produced. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes potential energy?

Potential energy is the energy possessed by an object due to its position or other factors. Signup and view all the answers

What is kinetic energy often called?

Energy in motion Signup and view all the answers

When work is done against gravity, what is changed?

The object's height Signup and view all the answers

When work is done against friction, what is produced?

Heat Signup and view all the answers

What factors contribute to potential energy?

The object's position and electric charge Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes kinetic energy?

Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by a body due to its motion. Signup and view all the answers

What happens when work is done against gravity?

The object's height changes. Signup and view all the answers

What is potential energy?

The energy possessed by a body due to its position relative to others. Signup and view all the answers

What is produced when work is done against friction?

Heat is produced. Signup and view all the answers

What factors contribute to potential energy?

Height and position Signup and view all the answers

Which primary colors combine to create the color magenta?

Red and Blue Signup and view all the answers

What are the three different kinds of color-sensitive cells in the human eyes called?

Cones Signup and view all the answers

Which model of light is responsible for the widely known fact that light is a wave?

The Wave Model Signup and view all the answers

What is the optical phenomenon that allows us to see objects through reflection in flat mirrors called?

Regular or Specular Reflection Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a ray of light when it encounters a boundary leading into another transparent medium?

It is reflected and refracted Signup and view all the answers

Which model of light is responsible for the widely known fact that light is a wave?

Wave Model Signup and view all the answers

What is the optical phenomenon that allows us to see objects through reflection in flat mirrors called?

Regular reflection Signup and view all the answers

What are the three different kinds of color-sensitive cells in the human eyes called?

Cones Signup and view all the answers

When a ray of light travels through a transparent medium and encounters a boundary leading into another transparent medium, what happens to the ray?

It is refracted Signup and view all the answers

What is the nature of light according to the Wave Model?

Wave Signup and view all the answers

Which model of light is responsible for the widely known fact that light is a wave?

The Wave Model Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a ray of light when it encounters a boundary leading into another transparent medium?

It is refracted Signup and view all the answers

What is the optical phenomenon that allows us to see objects through reflection in flat mirrors called?

Specular reflection Signup and view all the answers

What are the three primary colors that the human eyes' color-sensitive cells called cones respond to?

Red, Green, Blue Signup and view all the answers

What is the nature of light according to the Photon Model?

Light is both a wave and a particle Signup and view all the answers

Who proposed an explanation for the caprices that seem to accompany most of the experiments on electricity?

Benjamin Franklin Signup and view all the answers

Who observed that all the shocking phenomena could be consistently accounted for assuming only one electrical fluid?

Benjamin Franklin Signup and view all the answers

Who repeated Luigi Galvani's experiments and confirmed his results?

Alessandro Volta Signup and view all the answers

Who extended Ohm's Law to deal with situations where more than one resistor was connected to more than one battery?

Gustav Kirchoff Signup and view all the answers

Whose name is used as the unit of electrical charge?

Charles A. De Coulomb Signup and view all the answers

What did Luigi Galvani spend a lot of time doing in his laboratory?

Dissecting animals Signup and view all the answers

Who proposed the two-fluid theory of electrical charges and rejected both the idea of the creation of electricity by friction and Franklin's single-fluid model?

Charles A. De Coulomb Signup and view all the answers

Who translated Faraday's theories into mathematical expressions and has an electromagnetic unit named in his honor?

James Maxwell Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the unit of electrical charge named after a famous scientist?

Coulomb Signup and view all the answers

Who demonstrated that electric and magnetic fields travel through space as waves at the speed of light?

James Clerk Maxwell Signup and view all the answers

Who proposed the two-fluid theory of electrical charges and rejected both the idea of the creation of electricity by friction and Franklin's single-fluid model?

1734 Du Fay Signup and view all the answers

Who translated Faraday's theories into mathematical expressions and has an electromagnetic unit named in his honor?

1831-1879 James Maxwell Signup and view all the answers

Who repeated Galvani's experiments and confirmed his results, but came to a different and startling conclusion?

1745-1827 Alessandro Volta Signup and view all the answers

Who made major contributions to science and observed that all shocking phenomena could be consistently accounted for assuming only one electrical fluid?

1706-1790 Benjamin Franklin Signup and view all the answers

Who extended Ohm's Law to deal with situations where more than one resistor was connected to more than one battery?

1824-1887 Gustav Kirchoff Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Ancient Astronomy

Aristotle described nature as dynamic, powerful, and teleological.
Eudoxus described the motions of the heavens in terms of concentric spherical shells with the Earth at the center.
Plato explained the irregular motions of the planets by proposing that the planetary spheres rotate to "save the appearances" of celestial bodies.

Renaissance Astronomy

Tycho Brahe measured the relative distances from the Earth to the Sun and the Moon.
Tycho Brahe published the Tychonic System, which represented the rotation of objects around the Earth and the Sun.
According to Tycho Brahe's model, the objects that rotate around the Earth are the Moon, Sun, and planets, while the fixed stars rotate around the Sun.

Planetary Motions

Galileo discovered the phases of Venus and the mountains of the moon.
Galileo discovered four moons of Jupiter.

Laws of Motion

Aristotle described the natural motion of the elements as being towards their natural places.
Aristotle's Law of Motion is F = ma (Force equals mass times acceleration).
According to Aristotle, the two classes of motion are natural and violent motions.

Modern Physics

The study of motion or movement and what produces and affects it is called dynamics.
Celestial bodies are objects in the universe, such as planets, stars, and galaxies.

Energy

Kinetic energy is often called "energy in motion".
When work is done against gravity, potential energy is changed.
When work is done against friction, heat is produced.
Factors that can contribute to the potential energy possessed by a body include gravity, elasticity, and electric charges.
Potential energy is the energy an object has due to its position or state.

Light and Color

The three primary colors that the human eyes' color-sensitive cells called cones respond to are red, green, and blue.
The optical phenomenon that allows us to see objects through reflection in flat mirrors is called reflection.
When a ray of light travels through a transparent medium and encounters a boundary leading into another transparent medium, it refracts.
The nature of light according to the Wave Model is that light is a wave.

Electricity

The unit of electrical charge is named after a famous scientist, the coulomb.
Alessandro Volta extended Ohm's Law to deal with situations where more than one resistor was connected to more than one battery.
James Clerk Maxwell translated Faraday's theories into mathematical expressions and has an electromagnetic unit named in his honor.
James Clerk Maxwell demonstrated that electric and magnetic fields travel through space as waves at the speed of light.

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