27 Questions
What is the focus of the current and future therapies and treatment?
Immune modulation and microbiome
What is the common factor among the listed celebrities?
They all died from sepsis or septic disease
Which research institute is mentioned in the text?
Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht
What is the theme that involves the body's response to external substances?
Allergy, hypersensitivity, and auto-immune disease
How many themes are mentioned in the text?
7
What is sepsis?
The body's life-threatening response to an infection
How many people are affected by sepsis every year worldwide?
49 million
What percentage of global deaths are related to sepsis?
20%
How many lives does sepsis claim every year compared to cancer?
More lives than cancer
What is the awareness of sepsis among the adult population in developed countries?
Less than half
What is the ranking of sepsis as a cause of death in the least developed countries?
Leading cause of death
What is sepsis, as described in the context of immune therapy in oncology?
A life-threatening condition that arises when the body's response to an infection injures its own tissues and organs
What is the primary difference between sepsis and septic shock?
Septic shock is a subset of sepsis with circulatory and cellular/metabolic abnormalities
What is the clinical construct used to identify septic shock patients?
Hypotension requiring vasopressors to maintain MAP > 65 mm Hg and a serum lactate level > 2mM
What is the approximate hospital mortality rate for septic shock patients?
> 40%
What is the relationship between sepsis and organ dysfunction?
Sepsis may lead to organ dysfunction
What percentage of all global deaths are attributed to sepsis?
20%
What is the approximate number of people affected by sepsis every year?
49 million
Which of the following bacteria is a common cause of sepsis?
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
What is the proportion of Gram(+) bacteria among the bacteria that cause sepsis?
25%
What is the approximate number of sepsis-related deaths recorded worldwide?
11 million
In which countries is sepsis a leading cause of death?
Least developed countries
What type of infections are often associated with sepsis?
Infections of the lungs, urinary tract, skin, and gut
What is the medical history of the patient presented in the text?
Mild COPD and umbilical hernia
What was the patient's initial treatment upon admission?
Antibiotics, steroids, and sedatives
What was the patient's oxygen saturation level?
SaO2 70%
What was the patient's temperature?
39ºC
Study Notes
Sepsis: Definition and Epidemiology
- Sepsis is a complication caused by the body's overwhelming and life-threatening response to an infection, leading to tissue damage, organ failure, and death.
- Estimated 49 million people worldwide are affected by sepsis every year.
- 11 million sepsis-related deaths were recorded worldwide, accounting for ~20% of all global deaths.
- Sepsis is a global healthcare problem, more common than heart attack, and claims more lives than any cancer.
Causes of Sepsis
- Infections can lead to sepsis, with the most common causes being:
- Bacteria (25% Gram(+), 25% Gram(-))
- Fungi (5-10%)
- Viruses
- Mixed (15%)
- Certain germs, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, are commonly associated with sepsis.
Types of Infections Leading to Sepsis
- Infections of the:
- Lungs (e.g., pneumonia)
- Urinary tract (e.g., kidney)
- Skin
- Gut
Sepsis Signs and Symptoms
- Decreasing oxygen saturation
- Decreasing blood pressure
- Decreased responsiveness
- Anuria
- Temperature > 39°C
Clinical Course of Sepsis
- Decreasing oxygen saturation (SaO2 70%)
- Decreasing blood pressure (MAP 60)
- Decreased responsiveness
- Anuria
- Temperature 39°C
- Decreased kidney function
Lab Tests and Diagnosis
- pH < 7.35
- Base Excess < -2.5
- Lactate > 7.1
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