Microbiology Exam 3

Which of the following is not an example of a fomite?

HEPA filters are required for which Biological Safety Level (BSL)?

From a clinical perspective, aseptic technique is carried out to do which of the following?

The autoclave uses which of the following mechanism(s) for sterilization?

Autoclaves are designed to kill which of the following heat-resistant microbes?

The decimal reduction time (D-value) is how long it takes to kill which percentage of a microbial population?

Which of the following actions would be considered bacteriostatic rather than bactericidal?

Microbial death follows which type of trend?

Which of the following are the standard conditions for an autoclave?

Which of the following is not a milkborne pathogen?

For appropriate food storage in refrigerators, the temperature should be set to no higher than which of the following?

Which of the following is a characteristic of bacteriostatic agents?

X-rays and gamma rays are examples of which type of radiation?

Which type of radiation is ultraviolet light an example of?

To sterilize packaged intravenous tubing, which method would not be acceptable?

Liquid growth media containing antibiotics should be sterilized using which method?

Which method of microbial control introduces double-strand breaks into DNA?

Which method of microbial control does not rely on denaturing proteins and/or disrupting DNA?

Where can phenolic compounds be found naturally?

Which phenolic compound commonly added to soap raises concerns about resistant bacteria?

How do heavy metals control microbial growth?

What is argyria?

Which halogen or halogen-containing compound is typically used as a form of topical antisepsis?

Which substance may be used to disinfect water to make it potable?

What type of chemical agent is commonly used by contact lens cleaners to control microbial growth?

Which of the following chemicals is not classified as an alkylating agent?

How do many chemical preservatives like potassium sorbate preserve food products?

Which bacterium produces the antimicrobial peptide nisin?

In a disk-diffusion assay, which antimicrobial agent is considered the least effective?

What is the primary mechanism of action of supercritical fluid in controlling microbial growth?

What group of organisms can naturally contain phenolic compounds?

Which phenolic compound is commonly added to soap and raises concerns about resistant bacteria?

How do heavy metals primarily control microbial growth?

What is argyria?

Which halogen or halogen-containing compound is commonly used for topical antisepsis?

Which of the following substances may not be used to disinfect water for potable use?

Which of the following is NOT an alkylating agent?

How do many chemical preservatives, such as potassium sorbate, preserve food products?

Nisin, an antimicrobial peptide, is produced by which bacterium?

In a disk-diffusion assay, which antimicrobial agent is the least effective?

What does ethylene oxide primarily function as in microbial control?

What is the main difference between a secondary infection and a superinfection?

Which type of agents should be used to treat life-threatening diseases caused by bacterial pathogens?

What is an example of a ☐-lactam antibiotic?

What was the first antimicrobial agent discovered to treat syphilis?

Who is credited for first finding an antimicrobial agent?

Who is credited for first finding a naturally occurring antimicrobial agent?

What did Alexander Fleming's observed mold, Penicillium notatum, inhibit?

Which of the following is a semisynthetic antimicrobial agent?

What is the key difference between a secondary infection and a superinfection?

In the disk diffusion assay results shown, which antimicrobial agent is the most effective?

What does MIC stand for in the context of antimicrobial testing?

Which dilution of amoxicillin was found to have the lowest MIC against E. coli in the macrobroth dilution assay?

What percentage of a microbial population must be killed for the decimal reduction time (D-value) to be determined?

What is the primary purpose of a disk diffusion assay in microbiology?

Which of the following is an example of a nosocomial disease?

Which of the following diseases can be classified as noninfectious?

Which of the following diseases is not zoonotic?

Which of the following would be considered a symptom?

Which of the following would be considered a sign?

What term describes the initial period of disease with general signs and symptoms?

Which virus can be targeted using reverse transcriptase inhibitors, such as AZT?

Which antiviral drug is NOT a nucleoside analog?

What mechanism of resistance is utilized by both MRSA and VRSA?

What contributes to the development of antibiotic resistance?

What does an antibiogram typically describe?

In a microbial control context, what does an Etest help determine?

What are the units used to express the MIC values in the provided text?

Which organization's standards are referenced in relation to the questions provided?

What is the approximate MIC value of the antibiotic against the bacterium plated in the Etest?

An antibiotic that is lipophilic and detergent-like is most likely targeting which of the following?

Rifampin, an antimicrobial drug, primarily targets which of the following?

Fluoroquinolones, a class of antimicrobial drugs, primarily target which molecule in bacteria?

Sulfa drugs inhibit which metabolic pathway in bacteria?

Metronidazole and pentamidine are commonly used to treat infections caused by which type of microorganism?

Benzimidazoles and avermectins are typically used to treat infections caused by which type of organism?

What would be classified as a symptom?

Which of the following is an example of a nosocomial disease?

Sickle cell anemia is classified as which type of disease?

Which of the following diseases is considered non-zoonotic?

What is characteristic of the initial period of disease with general signs and symptoms?

What does 150/90 mm Hg represent?

What type of disease can sickle cell anemia be classified as?

What is the condition in which blood contains actively dividing bacteria?

Which characteristic of pathogens do Molecular Koch's postulates aim to identify?

Which of the following diseases is not zoonotic?

What type of exoenzyme is Hyaluronidase?

During which period of disease is a patient most susceptible to developing a secondary infection?

Which type of exoenzyme do intracellular pathogens like Listeria and Rickettsia produce to aid in escaping the phagosome?

What is the approximate ID250 of the virus from the graph shown?

Which virulence factor produced by Staphylococcus aureus allows the bacterium to be coated in fibrin that protects it from phagocytes?

What period of disease describes when the patient begins to feel general signs and symptoms?

What is the toxic component of endotoxin?

What type of study gathers data from past cases to study present-day cases?

In the epidemiological study described, individuals who ate potato salad and both developed and did not develop illness were interviewed. What type of study was conducted?

In the study on a new drug for colds, 25 individuals received a sugar pill, and 25 received the test drug in a double-blind approach. What type of study was conducted?

Florence Nightingale's 1858 book included graphs that highlighted casualties due to which problem?

In epidemiology, what type of study is conducted when individuals with a specific condition are compared to those without it?

When analyzing a new drug's efficacy for colds, if individuals are randomly assigned to receive different treatments, what type of study is being conducted?

Which pathogen is the most virulent based on ID50?

What is the main concept of pathogenicity?

Which pathogen is unable to infect a fetus via the blood-placenta barrier?

Which disease is a common secondary fungal disease?

How does Salmonella typhi enter host cells?

Why are Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections challenging to treat?

What chemical mediator produced by lactobacilli in the female reproductive system limits the growth of Candida?

Which bacterium can invade sweat glands of the skin and utilize lipase to degrade sebum?

Defensins target which process or structure of a microbial cell?

Which bond in peptidoglycan is targeted by lysozyme?

Which chemical mediator is produced by lactobacilli in the female reproductive system?

Which type of cells produce and secrete mucus?

What type of cells line the inner surface of blood vessels to prevent microbes from gaining access to blood?

Which of the following is true about the epidermis?

What layer of the skin contains blood and lymph vessels?

Which fungus causes rose gardener's disease?

Which of the following is not a type of cell junction?

Where are acute phase proteins produced?

What is the best term to describe the process when an immune cell releases cytokines to nearby cells?

Which cytokine primarily recruits leukocytes to sites of infections?

What describes the differentiation of stem cells into various blood cells?

Which of the following leukocytes is an agranulocyte?

Which leukocyte provides protection against protozoa and helminths?

After being engulfed by a macrophage, where does a pathogen first enter?

Which brain part controls body temperature?

In acute inflammation after tissue injury, what is the correct order of events?

Which statement is true regarding inflammation?

What is not a common component of neutrophil extracellular traps?

Which statement about LPS (lipopolysaccharide) is false?

Which type of carrier was Mary Mallon, also known as Typhoid Mary?

Who traced the typhoid outbreak of 1900-1915 to Mary Mallon?

What is the term for the transmission of Listeria monocytogenes to a fetus through the blood-placenta barrier?

How are sexually transmitted diseases most commonly transmitted between sexually active partners?

Which of the following is NOT considered a fomite?

In microbiology, what term describes a carrier who shows no symptoms of the infectious disease they harbor?

Which class of antibody provides protection against parasitic pathogens?

Where do phagocytic cells bind during antibody-mediated opsonization?

Which MHC class is mostly likely found on macrophages?

Which cells do not express MHCs?

Which process describes the cross-linking of pathogens by antibodies so the kidney and spleen can filter them from the blood?

Which complement cascade begins with antibodies binding to a pathogen?

Which cells are the primary cells involved in the adaptive immune system?

What are antibodies primarily made up of?

Which molecular fragment on an antigen molecule do antibodies recognize and respond to?

What is a molecule too small to be an antigen known as?

Which class of antibody is the most abundant in serum?

Edward Jenner is credited for the discovery of the concept of a vaccine through his work with which diseases?

Which class of antibody provides protection against parasitic pathogens?

Why was James Phipps (the boy infected with cowpox) protected against smallpox?

Vaccines belong to which class of immunity?

Which type of vaccine would provide the best protection against diphtheria?

Which vaccine would be most protective against Neisseria meningitidis, a capsule-forming pathogen?

After being engulfed by a macrophage, in which compartment does a pathogen initially enter?

Which of the following is the correct order of events in acute inflammation after tissue injury?

Which statement about inflammation is true?

Which brain part is responsible for controlling body temperature?

Which of the following is not a common component of neutrophil extracellular traps?

Which statement about Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is false?

Where do T cells mature?

Which lymphocyte targets cells infected with intracellular pathogens?

What activates Helper T cells?

Which cells activate Cytotoxic T cells?

Which bacterial pathogen species can produce superantigens triggering toxic shock syndrome?

What is the primary function of B cells?