Microbiology Exam 3
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is not an example of a fomite?

  • doorknob
  • mosquitoes (correct)
  • catheter
  • towels

    • HEPA filters are required for which Biological Safety Level (BSL)?

  • BSL 2
  • BSL 1
  • BSL 3
  • BSL 4 (correct)

    • From a clinical perspective, aseptic technique is carried out to do which of the following?

  • clean formites
  • contaminate formites
  • introduce contamination in living tissue
  • prevent contamination in living tissue (correct)

    • The autoclave uses which of the following mechanism(s) for sterilization?

    <p>pressure and temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Autoclaves are designed to kill which of the following heat-resistant microbes?

    <p>endospores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The decimal reduction time (D-value) is how long it takes to kill which percentage of a microbial population?

    <p>90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following actions would be considered bacteriostatic rather than bactericidal?

    <p>Placing a bacterial culture in the -80°C freezer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Microbial death follows which type of trend?

    <p>Logarithmic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are the standard conditions for an autoclave?

    <p>121°C, 15 psi, 20 minutes*</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a milkborne pathogen?

    <p><strong>Yersinia pestis</strong>*</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For appropriate food storage in refrigerators, the temperature should be set to no higher than which of the following?

    <p><strong>7°C</strong>*</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of bacteriostatic agents?

    <p>**Preventing bacterial growth without necessarily killing them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    X-rays and gamma rays are examples of which type of radiation?

    <p>ionizing radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of radiation is ultraviolet light an example of?

    <p>Nonionizing radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To sterilize packaged intravenous tubing, which method would not be acceptable?

    <p>non-ionizing radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Liquid growth media containing antibiotics should be sterilized using which method?

    <p>Membrane filtration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method of microbial control introduces double-strand breaks into DNA?

    <p>Ionizing radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method of microbial control does not rely on denaturing proteins and/or disrupting DNA?

    <p>HEPA filtration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where can phenolic compounds be found naturally?

    <p>Plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phenolic compound commonly added to soap raises concerns about resistant bacteria?

    <p>Triclosan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do heavy metals control microbial growth?

    <p>By binding to sulfur-containing amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is argyria?

    <p>A buildup of silver in the body resulting in blue-gray skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which halogen or halogen-containing compound is typically used as a form of topical antisepsis?

    <p>Iodophor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance may be used to disinfect water to make it potable?

    <p>Sodium dichloroisocyanurate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of chemical agent is commonly used by contact lens cleaners to control microbial growth?

    <p>Peroxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chemicals is not classified as an alkylating agent?

    <p>Chlorhexidine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do many chemical preservatives like potassium sorbate preserve food products?

    <p>By altering the pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterium produces the antimicrobial peptide nisin?

    <p>Lactococcus lactis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a disk-diffusion assay, which antimicrobial agent is considered the least effective?

    <p>Erythromycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of supercritical fluid in controlling microbial growth?

    <p>Oxidizing cellular components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What group of organisms can naturally contain phenolic compounds?

    <p>Fungi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phenolic compound is commonly added to soap and raises concerns about resistant bacteria?

    <p>Triclosan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do heavy metals primarily control microbial growth?

    <p>By binding to sulfur-containing amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is argyria?

    <p>A condition resulting in blue-gray skin due to silver buildup</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which halogen or halogen-containing compound is commonly used for topical antisepsis?

    <p>Iodophor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances may not be used to disinfect water for potable use?

    <p>Fluoride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an alkylating agent?

    <p>Chlorhexidine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do many chemical preservatives, such as potassium sorbate, preserve food products?

    <p>By altering the pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nisin, an antimicrobial peptide, is produced by which bacterium?

    <p>Lactococcus lactis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a disk-diffusion assay, which antimicrobial agent is the least effective?

    <p>Streptomycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does ethylene oxide primarily function as in microbial control?

    <p>An alkylating agent affecting DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between a secondary infection and a superinfection?

    <p>A superinfection is a type of secondary infection that can develop when antibiotics kill much of the patient's normal flora.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of agents should be used to treat life-threatening diseases caused by bacterial pathogens?

    <p>Bactericidal agents only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a ☐-lactam antibiotic?

    <p>S-NH2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the first antimicrobial agent discovered to treat syphilis?

    <p>Penicillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is credited for first finding an antimicrobial agent?

    <p>Paul Ehrlich</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is credited for first finding a naturally occurring antimicrobial agent?

    <p>Alexander Fleming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Alexander Fleming's observed mold, Penicillium notatum, inhibit?

    <p>Staphylococcus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a semisynthetic antimicrobial agent?

    <p>Ampicillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between a secondary infection and a superinfection?

    <p>The timing of the infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the disk diffusion assay results shown, which antimicrobial agent is the most effective?

    <p>A*</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does MIC stand for in the context of antimicrobial testing?

    <p>Minimum Inhibitory Concentration*</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dilution of amoxicillin was found to have the lowest MIC against E. coli in the macrobroth dilution assay?

    <p>0.01 µg/mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of a microbial population must be killed for the decimal reduction time (D-value) to be determined?

    <p>99%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a disk diffusion assay in microbiology?

    <p>To measure the zone of inhibition caused by antimicrobial agents*</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a nosocomial disease?

    <p>Acquiring MRSA after touching a locker door handle after an already infected individual did so</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases can be classified as noninfectious?

    <p>Noninfectious</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is not zoonotic?

    <p>Typhoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following would be considered a symptom?

    <p>Body ache and chills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following would be considered a sign?

    <p>Gross hematuria (visible presence of blood in urine)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the initial period of disease with general signs and symptoms?

    <p>Prodromal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus can be targeted using reverse transcriptase inhibitors, such as AZT?

    <p>HIV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antiviral drug is NOT a nucleoside analog?

    <p>Etravirine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism of resistance is utilized by both MRSA and VRSA?

    <p>Target modification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the development of antibiotic resistance?

    <p>Target modification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an antibiogram typically describe?

    <p>A compilation of local antibiotic susceptibility data broken down by bacterial pathogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a microbial control context, what does an Etest help determine?

    <p>The approximate Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of an antibiotic against bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the units used to express the MIC values in the provided text?

    <p>µg/mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization's standards are referenced in relation to the questions provided?

    <p>ASM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate MIC value of the antibiotic against the bacterium plated in the Etest?

    <p>0.12 µg/mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An antibiotic that is lipophilic and detergent-like is most likely targeting which of the following?

    <p>The plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rifampin, an antimicrobial drug, primarily targets which of the following?

    <p>RNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fluoroquinolones, a class of antimicrobial drugs, primarily target which molecule in bacteria?

    <p>DNA gyrase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sulfa drugs inhibit which metabolic pathway in bacteria?

    <p>Dihydrofolic acid synthesis pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Metronidazole and pentamidine are commonly used to treat infections caused by which type of microorganism?

    <p>Protozoan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Benzimidazoles and avermectins are typically used to treat infections caused by which type of organism?

    <p>Helminth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would be classified as a symptom?

    <p>Body ache and chills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a nosocomial disease?

    <p>Acquiring MRSA after touching a locker door handle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sickle cell anemia is classified as which type of disease?

    <p>Noninfectious</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is considered non-zoonotic?

    <p>Typhoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characteristic of the initial period of disease with general signs and symptoms?

    <p>Prodromal period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 150/90 mm Hg represent?

    <p>A blood pressure reading</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of disease can sickle cell anemia be classified as?

    <p>Infectious, noncommunicable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition in which blood contains actively dividing bacteria?

    <p>Septicemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic of pathogens do Molecular Koch's postulates aim to identify?

    <p>Virulence factor genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is not zoonotic?

    <p>Typhoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of exoenzyme is Hyaluronidase?

    <p>Glycohydrolase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which period of disease is a patient most susceptible to developing a secondary infection?

    <p>Period of decline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of exoenzyme do intracellular pathogens like Listeria and Rickettsia produce to aid in escaping the phagosome?

    <p>Phospholipases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate ID250 of the virus from the graph shown?

    <p>10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virulence factor produced by Staphylococcus aureus allows the bacterium to be coated in fibrin that protects it from phagocytes?

    <p>Coagulase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What period of disease describes when the patient begins to feel general signs and symptoms?

    <p>Prodromal period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the toxic component of endotoxin?

    <p>Lipid A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of study gathers data from past cases to study present-day cases?

    <p>Retrospective*</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the epidemiological study described, individuals who ate potato salad and both developed and did not develop illness were interviewed. What type of study was conducted?

    <p>Case-control*</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the study on a new drug for colds, 25 individuals received a sugar pill, and 25 received the test drug in a double-blind approach. What type of study was conducted?

    <p>Experimental*</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Florence Nightingale's 1858 book included graphs that highlighted casualties due to which problem?

    <p>Preventable infectious diseases*</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In epidemiology, what type of study is conducted when individuals with a specific condition are compared to those without it?

    <p>Case-control*</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When analyzing a new drug's efficacy for colds, if individuals are randomly assigned to receive different treatments, what type of study is being conducted?

    <p>Experimental*</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathogen is the most virulent based on ID50?

    <p>Pathogen C with an ID50 of 1 cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main concept of pathogenicity?

    <p>The ability of a microbial agent to cause disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathogen is unable to infect a fetus via the blood-placenta barrier?

    <p>Salmonella typhi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is a common secondary fungal disease?

    <p>Oral thrush</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Salmonella typhi enter host cells?

    <p>S.typhi secretes effector proteins that cause membrane ruffling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections challenging to treat?

    <p>They form biofilms and are resistant to many antibiotics*</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What chemical mediator produced by lactobacilli in the female reproductive system limits the growth of Candida?

    <p>Lactate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterium can invade sweat glands of the skin and utilize lipase to degrade sebum?

    <p>Propionibacterium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Defensins target which process or structure of a microbial cell?

    <p>Cell membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bond in peptidoglycan is targeted by lysozyme?

    <p>NAM-NAG bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemical mediator is produced by lactobacilli in the female reproductive system?

    <p>Lactate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells produce and secrete mucus?

    <p>Goblet cells*</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells line the inner surface of blood vessels to prevent microbes from gaining access to blood?

    <p>Endothelial cells*</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the epidermis?

    <p>Lacks blood and lymph vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What layer of the skin contains blood and lymph vessels?

    <p>Hypodermis*</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fungus causes rose gardener's disease?

    <p>Sporothrix schenckii</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a type of cell junction?

    <p>Centromere*</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are acute phase proteins produced?

    <p>liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the best term to describe the process when an immune cell releases cytokines to nearby cells?

    <p>Paracrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokine primarily recruits leukocytes to sites of infections?

    <p>Chemokine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the differentiation of stem cells into various blood cells?

    <p>Galactopoiesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following leukocytes is an agranulocyte?

    <p>Eosinophil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leukocyte provides protection against protozoa and helminths?

    <p>Basophil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After being engulfed by a macrophage, where does a pathogen first enter?

    <p>Phagolysosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain part controls body temperature?

    <p>Hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In acute inflammation after tissue injury, what is the correct order of events?

    <p>Erythema, edema, heat, pain, altered function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding inflammation?

    <p>Granulomas are examples of chronic inflammation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is not a common component of neutrophil extracellular traps?

    <p>Actin filaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about LPS (lipopolysaccharide) is false?

    <p>LPS is an endogenous pyrogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of carrier was Mary Mallon, also known as Typhoid Mary?

    <p>Asymptomatic*</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who traced the typhoid outbreak of 1900-1915 to Mary Mallon?

    <p>George Soper*</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the transmission of Listeria monocytogenes to a fetus through the blood-placenta barrier?

    <p>Vertical direct contact*</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are sexually transmitted diseases most commonly transmitted between sexually active partners?

    <p>Horizontal direct contact*</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a fomite?

    <p>Nurse*</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In microbiology, what term describes a carrier who shows no symptoms of the infectious disease they harbor?

    <p>Asymptomatic*</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of antibody provides protection against parasitic pathogens?

    <p>IgA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do phagocytic cells bind during antibody-mediated opsonization?

    <p>Fc region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which MHC class is mostly likely found on macrophages?

    <p>Class II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells do not express MHCs?

    <p>Erythrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process describes the cross-linking of pathogens by antibodies so the kidney and spleen can filter them from the blood?

    <p>Agglutination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which complement cascade begins with antibodies binding to a pathogen?

    <p>Classical only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are the primary cells involved in the adaptive immune system?

    <p>Lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are antibodies primarily made up of?

    <p>Glycoproteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecular fragment on an antigen molecule do antibodies recognize and respond to?

    <p>Epitope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a molecule too small to be an antigen known as?

    <p>Hapten associated with allergies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of antibody is the most abundant in serum?

    <p>IgG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Edward Jenner is credited for the discovery of the concept of a vaccine through his work with which diseases?

    <p>Cowpox and smallpox</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of antibody provides protection against parasitic pathogens?

    <p>IgE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why was James Phipps (the boy infected with cowpox) protected against smallpox?

    <p>Cowpox has proteins identical to smallpox.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vaccines belong to which class of immunity?

    <p>Active artificially acquired</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of vaccine would provide the best protection against diphtheria?

    <p>Toxoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vaccine would be most protective against Neisseria meningitidis, a capsule-forming pathogen?

    <p>Conjugate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After being engulfed by a macrophage, in which compartment does a pathogen initially enter?

    <p>Phagosome*</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct order of events in acute inflammation after tissue injury?

    <p>Erythema, edema, heat, pain, altered function*</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about inflammation is true?

    <p>Granulomas are examples of chronic inflammation*</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain part is responsible for controlling body temperature?

    <p>Hypothalamus*</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a common component of neutrophil extracellular traps?

    <p>Actin filaments*</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is false?

    <p>LPS is an endogenous pyrogen.*</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do T cells mature?

    <p>Thymus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lymphocyte targets cells infected with intracellular pathogens?

    <p>CD8+ cytotoxic T cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What activates Helper T cells?

    <p>MHC class II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells activate Cytotoxic T cells?

    <p>MHC class I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial pathogen species can produce superantigens triggering toxic shock syndrome?

    <p>Staphylococcus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of B cells?

    <p>To produce antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

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