CCNA Security v2.0 Chapter 1: Network Threats

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes a 'threat' in the context of network security?

  • A potential danger that could exploit a vulnerability. (correct)
  • A weakness or gap in a security system.
  • A measure taken to eliminate risk.
  • The process of reducing the likelihood of a threat.

Which of these is NOT typically considered a vector for data loss?

  • Removable media, like USB drives.
  • Email and Webmail services
  • Cloud storage devices
  • Encrypted external hard drives. (correct)

Which of these is NOT a common term related to network security drivers?

  • Vulnerability
  • Segmentation (correct)
  • Mitigation
  • Risk

What is the purpose of mitigating a risk?

<p>To lessen the severity of a potential vulnerability or threat. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these network types is typically the largest in terms of geographical coverage?

<p>Wide Area Network (WAN) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which network attack involves an attacker intercepting and altering communications between two parties?

<p>Man-in-the-middle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a 'security software disabler' Trojan horse?

<p>To disable antivirus or firewall software. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which malware type is known for its ability to self-replicate and spread rapidly across networks without requiring user interaction?

<p>Worm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between a virus and a worm?

<p>Viruses require user interaction to spread, while worms can spread automatically. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 'Code Red Worm' is described as having a cycle of propagation, what was the behaviour in the first 19 days?

<p>Propagating itself, by exploiting a vulnerability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a DDoS attack, who issues the instruction to the handler system to initiate the attack?

<p>The hacker (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a primary objective of network security?

<p>Scalability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of a reconnaissance attack?

<p>Initial query of a target system. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which security concept involves ensuring that data is accessible when required?

<p>Availability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of an access attack?

<p>To gain unauthorized access to systems or data. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary method is used to safeguard the confidentiality of data?

<p>Encryption (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these describes the use of botnets in DDoS attacks?

<p>Hackers control botnets consisting of infected 'zombies' to launch attacks. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is primarily used to ensure data integrity?

<p>Hashing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best exemplifies a social engineering attack technique?

<p>Masquerading as a legitimate entity to trick someone into providing information. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which attack type involves sending a large volume of traffic to overwhelm a target and prevent legitimate users from accessing it?

<p>Denial of Service attack (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A 'Vulnerability Broker' is a type of hacker who seeks to exploit security weaknesses for personal gain.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Packet sniffers are security tools used to analyze and identify potential network vulnerabilities.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The evolution of hacking tools has primarily focused on enhancing security measures and defending against threats.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Biometric access and exit sensors are typically used for 'outside perimeter security' in a data center.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Debuggers are primarily used for hacking operating systems by analyzing and manipulating their code.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A 'Sniffer' is a type of network hacking attack that involves monitoring network traffic to capture data.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Code Red Worm is classified as a 'Trojan Horse' due to its destructive payload.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

One of the classifications of Trojan Horses is 'Remote-access', allowing attackers to control the infected system.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 'Code Red Worm' in its initial stage, targets vulnerabilities that are related to network security.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

IP address spoofing involves an attacker falsely claiming to be a different computer on the network to gain access to information.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All types of networks need to be protected to ensure security.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Email is not considered a vector of data loss.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A vulnerability refers to a potential threat that could exploit a weakness in a network system.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Data loss can occur due to improper access control measures.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cloud storage devices are not typically associated with data loss risks.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A DDoS attack relies on a network of infected machines known as a botnet.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Phishing is a type of reconnaissance attack that involves data modification.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Access attacks may involve methods such as password attacks and IP spoofing.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Social engineering attacks include techniques like pretexting and tailgating.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A smurf attack is classified as an access attack rather than a denial of service attack.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Threat

An intentional act that can cause harm to a network or its assets.

Vulnerability

A weakness or flaw in a network's security that can be exploited by an attacker.

Mitigation

Actions taken to reduce the risk of an attack and protect a network from harm.

Risk

The likelihood of a threat exploiting a vulnerability and causing harm.

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Vector of Attack

A specific method or approach used by an attacker to gain access to a network or to compromise its security.

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Worm

A type of malware that spreads from computer to computer without human interaction.

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Trojan Horse

A malicious program disguised as legitimate software.

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Virus

A type of malware that replicates itself and spreads to other systems.

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Denial-of-service (DoS) attack

An attack that aims to prevent legitimate users from accessing a network or service.

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Man-in-the-middle (MitM) attack

A type of attack where an attacker intercepts communication between two parties.

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Botnet

A group of compromised computers controlled by a single attacker.

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DDoS Attack

A type of attack that overwhelms a target with traffic, making it unavailable to legitimate users.

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Confidentiality

The principle of ensuring data is only accessible to authorized individuals.

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Integrity

The principle of ensuring data remains accurate and unmodified.

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Availability

The principle of ensuring data is available to authorized users when needed.

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Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attack

A specific type of DoS attack where an attacker uses multiple compromised computers to flood a target with traffic, overwhelming it and making it unavailable.

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Reconnaissance Attack

A type of attack that aims to gather information about a target network before launching further attacks. Techniques include ping sweeps, port scans, and vulnerability scanning.

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Access Attack

A type of attack that aims to gain unauthorized access to a system or network, often using stolen credentials or exploits. Examples include password attacks, man-in-the-middle attacks, and buffer overflow attacks.

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Social Engineering Attack

A type of attack that exploits human psychology to trick individuals into revealing sensitive information or granting access to systems. Examples include phishing, spearphishing, and social engineering.

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Who is a Script Kiddie?

Hackers who are skilled in exploiting network vulnerabilities, often motivated by personal gain or curiosity.

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Who is a Hacktivist?

These hackers are individuals or groups who hack for political or social causes.

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Who is a Vulnerability Broker?

They are individuals or organizations that identify and report vulnerabilities to companies for a reward.

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Who is a State-Sponsored Hacker?

These hackers are usually associated with government agencies and aim to steal information or disrupt enemy operations.

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Who is a Cyber Criminal?

These hackers are motivated by financial gain. They use hacking to steal money, data, and other assets.

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Data modification

The act of modifying data in transit between two parties, allowing the attacker to alter or steal sensitive information.

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What are the main threats facing modern networks?

Modern networks face threats like data loss, security breaches, and service disruptions, impacting individuals and organizations.

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Explain the relationship between 'threat', 'vulnerability' and 'mitigation' in network security.

A threat is an intentional act that can cause harm to a network or its assets. A vulnerability is a weakness or flaw in a network's security that can be exploited by an attacker. Mitigation represents actions taken to reduce risk and protect the network.

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How can data be lost from a network?

Data loss can occur through various avenues, such as emails, unencrypted devices, cloud storage, removable media, hard copies, and improper access control.

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Describe the characteristics of Campus Area Networks, SOHO networks, and Wide Area Networks.

Campus area networks (CANs) are typically found in schools, universities, or corporate offices. They connect devices within a single location. Small Office/Home Office (SOHO) networks are designed for smaller businesses or homes and use simple setups. Wide area networks (WANs) connect geographically dispersed locations.

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Why is network topology important for security planning?

Understanding network topology is crucial for security planning. Different network types have varying security challenges and require tailored protection strategies.

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Denial of Service Attack (DoS)

A network attack strategy designed to overwhelm a target with traffic, making its resources unavailable to legitimate users.

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Distributed Denial of Service Attack (DDoS)

A type of DoS attack using a network of infected computers to overload a target.

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Study Notes

Chapter 1: Modern Network Security Threats

  • The chapter is about modern network security threats.
  • Course name: CCNA Security v2.0
  • Instructor: Dr. Nadhir Ben Halima
  • The Cisco Networking Academy is the provider of this course.

Chapter Outline

  • 1.0 Introduction: Introduction to the concepts of the topic.
  • 1.1 Securing Networks: Describes the current network security landscape and why all types of networks need protection.
  • 1.2 Network Threats: Discusses the evolution of network security and various hacking tools.
  • 1.3 Mitigating Threats: Outlines methods and resources to protect networks, describes Cisco SecureX Architecture, and describes methods to mitigate common network attacks.
  • 1.4 Summary: A summary of the chapter's objectives and key takeaways.

Section 1.1: Securing Networks

  • Upon completion of this section, students will be able to:
    • Describe the current network security landscape.
    • Explain how all types of networks need to be protected.

Topic 1.1.1: Current State of Affairs

  • Networks are targets
  • Various countries and regions are affected by attacks.
  • Attacker types are diverse, including:
    • Script Kiddies
    • Vulnerability Brokers
    • Hacktivists
    • Cyber Criminals
    • State-Sponsored Hackers

Topic 1.1.2: Network Topology Overview

  • Campus Area Networks: Includes features like AAA servers, firewalls, VPNs, IPS, switches, servers (DHCP, email, web).
  • Small Office and Home Office (SOHO) Networks: Features a wireless router, layer 2 switch, and computers.
  • Wide Area Networks (WANs): Features branch, regional, and SOHO sites, mobile workers, corporate, and firewalls.
  • Data Centers: Security features include on-site security personnel, fences, gates, continuous video surveillance, security breach alarms, electronic motion detectors, security traps, continuous video surveillance, and biometric access and exit sensors.

Section 1.2: Network Threats

  • Upon completion of this section, students will be able to:
    • Describe the evolution of network security.
    • Describe the various types of attack tools used by hackers.
    • Describe malware.
    • Explain common network attacks.

Topic 1.2.1: Who is Hacking Our Networks?

  • Modern hackers have various roles (titles):
    • Script Kiddies
    • Vulnerability Brokers
    • Hacktivists
    • Cyber Criminals
    • State-Sponsored Hackers
    • White Hat Hackers (ethical hacking)
    • Grey Hat Hackers
    • Black Hat Hackers

Topic 1.2.2: Hacker Tools

  • Sophistication of attack tools increased over time
  • Technical knowledge needed to use tools also increased over time

Topic 1.2.3: Malware

  • Viruses
  • Worms: Key components include enabling vulnerability, propagation mechanism, payload. Example: Code Red Worm.
  • Trojans: Types include security software disabler, remote access, data-sending, destructive, proxy, FTP, DoS.
  • Other malware types include:
    • ScareWare
    • Spyware
    • Adware
    • Phishing scams
    • Rootkits

Topic 1.2.4: Common Network Attacks

  • Reconnaissance Attacks: Initial query of a target, ping sweep, port scan, vulnerability scanners, exploitation tools
  • Access Attacks: Password attacks, port redirection, man-in-the-middle, buffer overflows, IP, MAC, DHCP spoofing.
  • Social Engineering Attacks: Pretexting, phishing, spearphishing, spam, tailgating, something for something.
  • Denial of Service (DoS) Attacks: Flooding the server with requests
  • Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) Attacks: Using a botnet of infected machines to flood a server with requests

Section 1.3: Mitigating Threats

  • Upon completion of this section, students will be able to:
    • Describe methods and resources to protect the networks.
    • Describe a collection of domains for network security.
    • Explain the purpose of the Cisco SecureX Architecture.
    • Describe the techniques used to mitigate common network attacks.
    • Explain how to secure the three functional areas of Cisco routers and switches.

Topic 1.3.1: Defending the Network

  • Network security professionals include:
    • Chief Information Officer (CIO)
    • Chief Information Security Officer (CISO)
    • Security Operations (SecOps) Manager
    • Chief Security Officer (CSO)
    • Network Security Manager
    • Network Security Engineer

Topic 1.3.2: Domains of Network Security

  • Risk assessment
  • Security policy
  • Organization of information security
  • Asset management
  • Human resources security
  • Physical and environmental security
  • Communications and operations management
  • Information systems acquisition, development, and maintenance
  • Access control
  • Information security incident management
  • Business continuity management
  • Compliance

Topic 1.3.3: Network Security Policy

  • Network security policies provide rules for network access.
  • Remote worker access rules might need to be different from onsite employees' access rules.

Topic 1.3.4: Mitigating Common Network Threats

  • Best network security practices include:
    • Develop a written security policy.
    • Educate employees.
    • Validate identities.
    • Control physical access to systems.
    • Use strong passwords
    • Encrypt sensitive data
    • Implement security hardware and software.
    • Perform regular backups.
    • Shut down unnecessary services.
    • Update software and operating system patches.

Topic 1.3.5: Cisco Network Foundation Protection Framework

  • NFP Framework depicts how Control Plane (exchange of routing information and routing protocol, IP routing table), Data Plane (incoming/outgoing IP packets and IP Forwarding Table), and Management Plane (management process and management sessions) interact on a network device.

Section 1.4: Summary

  • Chapter Objectives:
    • Explain network security.
    • Describe various types of threats and attacks.
    • Explain tools and procedures to mitigate the effects of malware and common network attacks.

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