Untitled Quiz

Portal Triad

• Comprised of the hepatic artery, portal vein, and bile duct.

Wilms' Tumor

• Most common renal cancer in children aged 2-4 years.
• Symptoms include hematuria and hypertension.

Courvoisier's Sign

• Indicates gallbladder distention due to common bile duct obstruction, typically from pancreatic head carcinoma.
• Presents with painless jaundice.

Hydropic Gallbladder

• Results from complete cystic duct obstruction leading to mucocele.
• Gallbladder fills with mucoid secretion.

Kidney Size and Echogenicity

• Echogenic and small kidneys may indicate chronic conditions, but renal vein thrombosis typically shows enlarged kidneys.

Staghorn Calculus

• A large stone located in the renal pelvis, often associated with urinary tract infections.

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

• Gastrointestinal peptide hormone that stimulates gallbladder contraction and bile release.

Bare Area of the Liver

• Section not covered by peritoneum located between the right and left triangular ligaments.

Gallbladder Wall Thickness

• Normal thickness is approximately 3 mm.

Pancreatic Anatomy

• The head of the pancreas is caudad to the portal vein and anterior to the inferior vena cava.

Hydronephrosis Appearance

• Characterized by a fluid-filled pelvocaliceal collecting system.

Bile Duct Obstruction Levels

• Dilated interhepatic ducts, gallbladder, and common bile duct indicate distal common bile duct obstruction.

Pancreatic Pseudocysts

• Most commonly found in the lesser sac, anterior to the pancreas.

Falciform Ligament

• Extrahepatic portion visualizable in cases of massive ascites.

Superior Mesenteric Artery

• Arises 1 cm below the celiac trunk, coursing anterior and parallel to the aorta.

Couinaud's Liver Lobes Division

• Right and left lobes of the liver divided by the main lobar fissure.

Pancreas Uncinate Process

• Lies posterior to the superior mesenteric artery and vein.

Splenic Vein Anatomy

• Courses along the posterior surface of the pancreas's body and tail.

Gastroesophageal Junction Visualization

• Located anterior to the aorta and posterior to the left lobe of the liver.

Adenomyomatosis of Gallbladder

• Benign condition characterized by mucosal proliferation and thickening of the muscle layer.

Acute Pyelonephritis

• Most commonly caused by Escherichia coli infection.

Renal Masses

• An echogenic well-defined mass in the renal cortex is characteristic of angiomyolipoma.

Gastroduodenal Artery

• A branch of the common hepatic artery originating from the celiac axis.

Left Renal Vein

• Seen anterior to the aorta and posterior to the superior mesenteric artery.

Glisson’s Capsule

• Thick membrane covering the liver composed of collagenous and elastic fibers.

Anterior Displacement of Splenic Vein

• Caused by left adrenal hyperplasia.

Splenic Artery Characteristics

• Originates from celiac axis, noted for its tortuous nature.

Accessory Spleens Location

• Commonly found near the splenic hilum.

Phrygian Cap

• A fold at the fundal portion of the gallbladder.

Inferior Vena Cava Formulation

• Forms at the confluence of right and left common iliac veins.

Diffuse Gallbladder Thickening

• Seen in conditions such as acute cholecystitis and hepatitis. Not seen in portal hypertension.

Obstruction Indication in Gallbladder

• Intrahepatic dilatation with a small gallbladder indicates obstruction at the common hepatic duct.

Main Pancreatic Duct Diameter

• Maximum inner diameter in young adults is approximately 2 mm.

Endocrine Function of Pancreas

• Responsible for producing insulin and other hormones.

Laboratory Tests for Renal Function

• Serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels are used for evaluation.

Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease

• Autosomal dominant, associated with extra-renal cysts, and typically asymptomatic until later in life.

Left Hemidiaphragm Imaging

• Best visualized through the spleen during ultrasound.

Sickle Cell Anemia and Spleen

• In later stages, the spleen becomes small and hypoechoic due to fibrosis.

Bilateral Hydronephrosis Causes

• Commonly associated with obstructions like benign prostate hypertrophy and fibroid uterus; not due to urinoma.

Liver Parenchyma in Acute Hepatitis

• Typically appears normal sonographically.

Hypertrophied Column of Bertin

• A normal variant in renal anatomy; represents cortical tissue indentation into renal sinus.

Ureterovesical Junction Definition

• Junction between the distal ureter and the base of the bladder.

Thyroid Landmark

• Common carotid artery located posterior-laterally to the thyroid gland.

Clinical Signs of Renal Disease

• Signs include oliguria, flank masses, edema, and hypertension but not jaundice.

Acute Hydroceles Causes

• Can arise from trauma, tumors, or testicular infection but not typically from torsion.

Neuroblastoma

• Most common adrenal gland malignancy in children.

Sonographic Evaluation for Pancreatic Masses

• Check the liver for potential metastasis when a mass is found in the pancreatic head.

Adenocarcinoma in Pancreas

• Most frequent primary carcinoma found in the head of the pancreas.

Ligamentum Venosum Function

• Separates the caudate lobe from the left lobe of the liver.

Common Benign Neoplasm of the Liver

• Hemangioma is the most prevalent benign liver tumor.

Right-Sided Heart Failure Effects

• Elevated systemic venous pressure may lead to dilatation of intrahepatic veins.

Separation of Liver Lobes

• Achieved by the main lobar fissure, distinguishing right and left lobes.

Retroperitoneal Structures

• Kidney, pancreas, aorta, and psoas muscle are retroperitoneal; the spleen is intraperitoneal.

Portal Vein Composition

• Formed by the junction of the splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein.### Anatomy and Diagnostic Considerations
• The splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein converge posterior to the pancreas' neck.
• Common bile duct and pancreatic duct meet before entering the second portion of the duodenum.

Empyema of the Gallbladder

• Characterized by pus accumulation in the gallbladder, often due to acute cholecystitis.
• Symptoms include high fever, chills, leukocytosis, thickened gallbladder walls, and pus-filled lumen.

Liver and Oncological Markers

• Alpha-fetoprotein is a specific laboratory value for diagnosing hepatoma.
• Elevated levels of alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, serum amylase, and serum albumin are not specific to hepatomas.

Prostate Enlargement

• If prostate enlargement is detected, check kidneys for hydronephrosis, a common complication.

Pancreas Anatomy

• The anterior surface of the pancreas body is bounded by the atrium of the stomach.
• The uncinate process of the pancreas is located anterior to the inferior vena cava and posterior to the superior mesenteric vein.

Vascular Pathology

• In dissecting aneurysms, the dissection occurs through the intima layer of the vessel wall.

Adrenal Gland Structure

• The adrenal gland consists of two main parts: cortex and medulla.

Patent Umbilical Vein

• Can be located in the ligamentum teres, a remnant of the umbilical vein.

Intrahepatic Bile Duct Features

• Dilated intrahepatic bile ducts may show the parallel channel sign, irregular borders, echo enhancement, but not decreasing size toward the porta hepatis.

Retroperitoneal Abscess Locations

• May be located in the psoas, iliacus, and quadratus lumborum muscles, but not the rectus abdominis.

Biliary Duct Dilatation Causes

• Intrahepatic bile duct dilatation can result from a Klatskin tumor or cholangiocarcinoma, but pancreatic carcinoma typically leads to common bile duct obstruction first.

Postcholecystectomy Symptoms

• In a postcholecystectomy patient, symptoms like right upper quadrant pain, elevated conjugated bilirubin in serum, and bilirubin in urine suggest obstruction due to stones, tumors, or strictures in the bile duct system.