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Questions and Answers
What is the significance of the triple point of water in temperature measurement?
How is the relationship between Celsius temperature and Kelvin temperature defined?
Why was the Kelvin scale specifically defined using the triple point of water?
At the triple point of water, what is the precise temperature value set by international agreement?
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What is the primary benefit of using a constant-volume gas thermometer in temperature measurements?
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Which statement accurately reflects the principle of the Celsius scale in relation to thermal equilibrium?
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What characteristic of the Fahrenheit scale differentiates it from the Celsius scale regarding thermal equilibrium?
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In thermodynamics, how is the Kelvin scale defined in relation to thermal equilibrium?
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What is the significance of the triple point of water in defining temperature scales?
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How does thermal equilibrium relate to the concept of temperature in thermodynamic systems?
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Study Notes
Temperature Scales
- Temperature at the triple point of water, where ice, liquid water, and water vapor coexist in equilibrium, is defined as Ttriple = 273.16 K.
- The Kelvin scale is based on this triple point, ensuring that the degree size remains the same as the Celsius scale.
- The equation relating Celsius temperature (TC) to Kelvin temperature (T) is TC = T - 273.15.
Comparison of Temperature Scales
-
Absolute Zero:
- Kelvin: 0 K
- Celsius: -273.15 °C
- Fahrenheit: -459.67 °F
-
Freezing Point of Water:
- Kelvin: 273.15 K
- Celsius: 0 °C
- Fahrenheit: 32 °F
-
Normal Body Temperature:
- Kelvin: 310.15 K
- Celsius: 37 °C
- Fahrenheit: 98.6 °F
Ideal Gas Temperature Scale
- Uses a specific thermometer standard to create a usable temperature scale.
- Constant volume gas thermometers measure temperature by analyzing the pressure of a gas at constant volume.
- The equation for pressure difference in this thermometer is P = P0 - ρgh, where ρ is mercury density and h is the height of the mercury column.
Gas Thermometry
- A gas placed in a bulb measures the surrounding temperature.
- At the triple point, the gas pressure (Ptriple) is a defined value; as conditions change, the gas pressure (P) is measured.
- Temperature can then be calculated using T(P) = (273.16 K)(P / Ptriple).
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
- States that if systems A and B are each in thermal equilibrium with a third system C, then A and B are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
- Establishes the concept of temperature, a fundamental property in thermodynamics.
- Temperature equality indicates thermal equilibrium between systems.
Measuring Temperature
- Temperature is one of the seven base units, differing from other SI units in how it can be measured.
- Standard conditions are needed to establish a measuring scale for temperature.
- A thermometric substance is selected based on a property that varies with temperature (e.g., volume of liquid, gas pressure, electrical resistance).
Thermometric Properties
- Example properties used for measuring temperature:
- Volume of a liquid (e.g., mercury thermometer)
- Pressure of gas at constant volume
- Electrical resistance of conductors
- Length of metal strips
- Color changes in materials under temperature variation.
These concepts form the basis for understanding temperature measurement and thermodynamics principles.
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