Podcast
Questions and Answers
What are blockchain analytical tools?
What are blockchain analytical tools?
De-anonymizing technology that analyzes and traces transactions on the blockchain.
Which is a known financial crime risk factor associated with cryptoassets?
Which is a known financial crime risk factor associated with cryptoassets?
Risks relevant to the originator of a transaction and the beneficiary of funds that are linked to a high-risk jurisdiction are known as:
Risks relevant to the originator of a transaction and the beneficiary of funds that are linked to a high-risk jurisdiction are known as:
Which cryptoasset exchange poses the greatest risk of money laundering?
Which cryptoasset exchange poses the greatest risk of money laundering?
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What illicit activity is likely indicated by larger-than-normal virtual asset deposits with an unknown source, followed by conversion to fiat currency?
What illicit activity is likely indicated by larger-than-normal virtual asset deposits with an unknown source, followed by conversion to fiat currency?
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What is the most important consideration for ongoing AML and sanctions risk management of a DAO's governance token?
What is the most important consideration for ongoing AML and sanctions risk management of a DAO's governance token?
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What would be the expected improvement from a supervisory authority analyzing a VASP's AML policies?
What would be the expected improvement from a supervisory authority analyzing a VASP's AML policies?
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Which method is most commonly used to add new stablecoins into circulation?
Which method is most commonly used to add new stablecoins into circulation?
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In blockchain technology, consensus mechanisms are best described as:
In blockchain technology, consensus mechanisms are best described as:
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Which is a key characteristic of a decentralized application?
Which is a key characteristic of a decentralized application?
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An analyst is reviewing an Ethereum (ETH) address and observes an approval transaction. Which activity did the user of the ETH address most likely complete?
An analyst is reviewing an Ethereum (ETH) address and observes an approval transaction. Which activity did the user of the ETH address most likely complete?
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Which hypothetical situation would best support the investigator's suspicions of narcotics sales?
Which hypothetical situation would best support the investigator's suspicions of narcotics sales?
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Which type of wallet is known for allowing reduced transparency as well as the emergence of other virtual asset business models or activities, such as initial coin offerings?
Which type of wallet is known for allowing reduced transparency as well as the emergence of other virtual asset business models or activities, such as initial coin offerings?
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What heuristic should be used to cluster the input addresses in a Bitcoin transaction with many input addresses and one recipient address?
What heuristic should be used to cluster the input addresses in a Bitcoin transaction with many input addresses and one recipient address?
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What is the goal of address clustering?
What is the goal of address clustering?
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The technique of using blockchain analytics to determine whether a Bitcoin address is part of a larger wallet is called:
The technique of using blockchain analytics to determine whether a Bitcoin address is part of a larger wallet is called:
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BTCs cannot be reversed, canceled, or charged back.
BTCs cannot be reversed, canceled, or charged back.
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Which functions fall under the current definition of a virtual asset service provider? (Select Two.)
Which functions fall under the current definition of a virtual asset service provider? (Select Two.)
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All transactions by a decentralized Bitcoin cryptocurrency mixer are conducted jointly between the participants.
All transactions by a decentralized Bitcoin cryptocurrency mixer are conducted jointly between the participants.
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Which is a disadvantage of using an unspent transaction output ledger model as the basis of a virtual asset?
Which is a disadvantage of using an unspent transaction output ledger model as the basis of a virtual asset?
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What does each UTXO represent?
What does each UTXO represent?
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The UTXO model is simpler to compute than the account/balance model.
The UTXO model is simpler to compute than the account/balance model.
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What is one function provided by a blockchain oracle?
What is one function provided by a blockchain oracle?
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Which type of virtual asset storage is considered most secure?
Which type of virtual asset storage is considered most secure?
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How should a financial institution manage AML obligations related to a protocol?
How should a financial institution manage AML obligations related to a protocol?
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What is true about network vulnerabilities in terms of technology attacks?
What is true about network vulnerabilities in terms of technology attacks?
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Data privacy, regulatory, jurisdiction, and dispute resolution risks associated with blockchain are known as?
Data privacy, regulatory, jurisdiction, and dispute resolution risks associated with blockchain are known as?
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When does using a send as opposed to a transfer function in a smart contract create vulnerability?
When does using a send as opposed to a transfer function in a smart contract create vulnerability?
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Which two factors contribute to vulnerabilities existing in smart contract software?
Which two factors contribute to vulnerabilities existing in smart contract software?
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How does the Lightning Network operate?
How does the Lightning Network operate?
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What is the potential identity of the cryptocurrency address involved in artificial price pumping of NFTs?
What is the potential identity of the cryptocurrency address involved in artificial price pumping of NFTs?
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Which type of transaction is most secure?
Which type of transaction is most secure?
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What is the primary goal of using smart contracts on a blockchain?
What is the primary goal of using smart contracts on a blockchain?
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What is a limitation of a smart contract?
What is a limitation of a smart contract?
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What are trusted third-party providers of off-chain data to smart contracts called?
What are trusted third-party providers of off-chain data to smart contracts called?
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Which activity indicates potential smurfing?
Which activity indicates potential smurfing?
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What is the scheme described when a fraudster convinces a customer to accept a wire transfer and then forward it?
What is the scheme described when a fraudster convinces a customer to accept a wire transfer and then forward it?
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What is the most crucial step mixers and tumblers perform to hide the origin of funds?
What is the most crucial step mixers and tumblers perform to hide the origin of funds?
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What key benefit does cryptoasset tracing provide to investigators?
What key benefit does cryptoasset tracing provide to investigators?
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Which statement accurately describes a hosted wallet?
Which statement accurately describes a hosted wallet?
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Who stores the encrypted private keys with a cloud wallet?
Who stores the encrypted private keys with a cloud wallet?
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What does the first transaction in a new block show?
What does the first transaction in a new block show?
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What should you do if you forget your login credentials on an online self-hosted wallet?
What should you do if you forget your login credentials on an online self-hosted wallet?
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What is the best description of block halving?
What is the best description of block halving?
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A pseudonymous cryptocurrency has which characteristic?
A pseudonymous cryptocurrency has which characteristic?
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Which feature is true of cryptoasset trading?
Which feature is true of cryptoasset trading?
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What is the best description of clustering?
What is the best description of clustering?
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Which statement about coin tracing is correct?
Which statement about coin tracing is correct?
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Which financial institution or organization would bear the liability of offering sovereign cryptocurrencies to the public?
Which financial institution or organization would bear the liability of offering sovereign cryptocurrencies to the public?
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What triggered the creation of Bitcoin?
What triggered the creation of Bitcoin?
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Which circumstances should a compliance officer consider as part of a review of a bank's smart contracts in the lending division?
Which circumstances should a compliance officer consider as part of a review of a bank's smart contracts in the lending division?
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Which are the most critical risk factors relating to a decentralized finance project or smart contract?
Which are the most critical risk factors relating to a decentralized finance project or smart contract?
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Which red flags would lead the VASP to file a suspicious activity report? (Select Two)
Which red flags would lead the VASP to file a suspicious activity report? (Select Two)
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According to the Financial Action Task Force, which red flag is most indicative of an attempt to conceal the source of funds?
According to the Financial Action Task Force, which red flag is most indicative of an attempt to conceal the source of funds?
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Virtual asset red flags stem from factual characteristics, behaviors, patterns, and contextual factors.
Virtual asset red flags stem from factual characteristics, behaviors, patterns, and contextual factors.
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What is the primary purpose of money laundering?
What is the primary purpose of money laundering?
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Why do criminals divide their total profits into smaller parts?
Why do criminals divide their total profits into smaller parts?
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Which of the following is a feature of terrorist financing?
Which of the following is a feature of terrorist financing?
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Which method of sanctions evasion uses the technique of transshipment?
Which method of sanctions evasion uses the technique of transshipment?
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Which sanctions evasion technique involves removing key identifying information from payment messages?
Which sanctions evasion technique involves removing key identifying information from payment messages?
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Which of the following is an indicator of fraud?
Which of the following is an indicator of fraud?
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Which factor about a cryptocurrency investment firm is considered a red flag?
Which factor about a cryptocurrency investment firm is considered a red flag?
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Some industries are at higher risk for bribery than others, especially those in which commercial success is driven by getting approval from government entities.
Some industries are at higher risk for bribery than others, especially those in which commercial success is driven by getting approval from government entities.
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Which of the following is an example of tax avoidance?
Which of the following is an example of tax avoidance?
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Which type of cybercrime involves receiving a legitimate-appearing email asking for your login credentials?
Which type of cybercrime involves receiving a legitimate-appearing email asking for your login credentials?
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In the case of a medium risk customer who quickly transfers virtual assets after a deposit, which red flags are most relevant? (Select Two)
In the case of a medium risk customer who quickly transfers virtual assets after a deposit, which red flags are most relevant? (Select Two)
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What activity is unique to investigators at cryptoasset firms compared to non-cryptoasset firms?
What activity is unique to investigators at cryptoasset firms compared to non-cryptoasset firms?
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What are the three lines of defense for managing AML risk for virtual asset service providers? (Select Three)
What are the three lines of defense for managing AML risk for virtual asset service providers? (Select Three)
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Which factors are red flags for a known crypto-related typology? (Select Two)
Which factors are red flags for a known crypto-related typology? (Select Two)
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How could non-fungible tokens (NFTs) be vulnerable to financial crime?
How could non-fungible tokens (NFTs) be vulnerable to financial crime?
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Which situation indicates a high risk of tax evasion using cryptoassets?
Which situation indicates a high risk of tax evasion using cryptoassets?
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Which internationally recognized guidelines have improved transparency of cryptoassets?
Which internationally recognized guidelines have improved transparency of cryptoassets?
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Cybercriminals exploit targets for cryptocurrency crimes by misrepresenting what?
Cybercriminals exploit targets for cryptocurrency crimes by misrepresenting what?
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Per the Financial Action Task Force's Recommendation 10, what is the threshold for occasional transactions for virtual asset service providers?
Per the Financial Action Task Force's Recommendation 10, what is the threshold for occasional transactions for virtual asset service providers?
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Which non-governmental body published guidance for risk management frameworks?
Which non-governmental body published guidance for risk management frameworks?
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Regarding negative media coverage, what is the most significant reputational risk outcome for a bank fined for AML failures?
Regarding negative media coverage, what is the most significant reputational risk outcome for a bank fined for AML failures?
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Which type of risk can result in the loss of a company's standing due to public failures in AML compliance?
Which type of risk can result in the loss of a company's standing due to public failures in AML compliance?
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What is a de-anonymizing technology that can help lower money laundering risk?
What is a de-anonymizing technology that can help lower money laundering risk?
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Which factor is most impactful to a virtual asset service provider's risk appetite?
Which factor is most impactful to a virtual asset service provider's risk appetite?
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Which illicit activity does this transaction monitoring alert most likely indicate?
Which illicit activity does this transaction monitoring alert most likely indicate?
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How could non-fungible tokens (NFTs) be vulnerable to financial crime?
How could non-fungible tokens (NFTs) be vulnerable to financial crime?
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What is an altcoin?
What is an altcoin?
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An initial coin offering (ICO) of utility tokens provides which incentive to investors?
An initial coin offering (ICO) of utility tokens provides which incentive to investors?
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What is the main difference between asset-backed stablecoins and algorithmic stablecoins?
What is the main difference between asset-backed stablecoins and algorithmic stablecoins?
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How are central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) different from stablecoins?
How are central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) different from stablecoins?
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Which business model would be considered a virtual asset service provider (VASP) under FATF's definition?
Which business model would be considered a virtual asset service provider (VASP) under FATF's definition?
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Which statement is true about crypto ATMs?
Which statement is true about crypto ATMs?
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Which one of the following is an advantage of a decentralized exchange (DEX)?
Which one of the following is an advantage of a decentralized exchange (DEX)?
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Which description applies to a centralized lending platform?
Which description applies to a centralized lending platform?
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Why might regulators focus on virtual asset service providers (VASPs) rather than decentralized finance (DeFi)?
Why might regulators focus on virtual asset service providers (VASPs) rather than decentralized finance (DeFi)?
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What do decentralized applications (dApps) and decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) have in common?
What do decentralized applications (dApps) and decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) have in common?
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Which of the following statements is true of the types of blockchains?
Which of the following statements is true of the types of blockchains?
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What does the immutability feature of blockchain mean?
What does the immutability feature of blockchain mean?
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Which of the following statements is true of the characteristics of cryptoassets?
Which of the following statements is true of the characteristics of cryptoassets?
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Which of the following statements best describes a miner's role in the blockchain operation?
Which of the following statements best describes a miner's role in the blockchain operation?
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What is the primary benefit of joining a mining pool?
What is the primary benefit of joining a mining pool?
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Privacy-centered cryptoassets are best described as:
Privacy-centered cryptoassets are best described as:
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Why is the Bitcoin network and its native cryptocurrency, Bitcoin, significant in the history of cryptoassets?
Why is the Bitcoin network and its native cryptocurrency, Bitcoin, significant in the history of cryptoassets?
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What is the primary difference between a native cryptocurrency and a token?
What is the primary difference between a native cryptocurrency and a token?
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What does the term 'non-fungible' mean in regard to non-fungible tokens (NFTs)?
What does the term 'non-fungible' mean in regard to non-fungible tokens (NFTs)?
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What is the most crucial step mixers and tumblers perform to hide the origin of funds?
What is the most crucial step mixers and tumblers perform to hide the origin of funds?
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Study Notes
Virtual Asset Service Providers and Risk Appetite
- A virtual asset service provider's (VASP) risk appetite is most influenced by company policy.
- Employee count, age of business, and corporate branding are other factors but less impactful.
Illicit Activities in Transaction Monitoring
- Larger-than-normal deposits from unknown sources followed by fiat conversion typically indicate money laundering.
Vulnerabilities of NFTs
- Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) can be manipulated by criminals using tainted funds to create legitimate-looking sales records on the blockchain.
Understanding Altcoins and Tokens
- Altcoins refer to any cryptocurrency other than Bitcoin.
- Utility tokens provide future redemption for products or services related to the project.
Differences in Stablecoins
- Asset-backed stablecoins derive value from collateral, while algorithmic stablecoins' value is determined algorithmically.
Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) vs. Stablecoins
- CBDCs hold legal tender status, unlike stablecoins, which are pegged to external values but lack such status.
FATF Definition of VASPs
- VASPs are entities offering safekeeping of cryptoassets as their primary service.
Crypto ATMs
- Benefits of crypto ATMs include transaction ease, speed, and privacy, although they are required to collect customer identifying information.
Decentralized Exchanges (DEXs)
- DEXs reduce the risk of theft and cybersecurity attacks due to their decentralized nature.
Centralized Lending Platforms
- A key characteristic is that borrowers lose control of their assets when depositing into custodial wallets.
Regulatory Focus on VASPs
- Regulators often target VASPs instead of DeFi due to DeFi's lack of a central legal entity.
dApps and DAOs
- Both decentralized applications (dApps) and decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) are designed to operate autonomously.
Characteristics of Blockchains
- Public blockchains are permissionless and non-restrictive, allowing open participation, while private blockchains are restricted.
Immutability of Blockchain
- Immutability means data recorded on the blockchain cannot be changed or removed, providing security and transparency.
Cryptoassets and Hack Resistance
- Many cryptoassets use private and public keys, making them resistant to hacking.
Miners in Blockchain
- Miners validate transactions between senders and receivers, leveraging computational power to verify and record transactions on the blockchain.
Mining Pools
- Joining mining pools enhances the likelihood of earning rewards by combining resources to tackle mining challenges collaboratively.
Privacy-Centered Cryptoassets
- These assets do not disclose sender or receiver information, ensuring user anonymity.
Significance of Bitcoin
- Bitcoin is recognized as the first decentralized cryptocurrency, established in 2009, paving the way for future crypto innovations.
Native Cryptocurrencies vs. Tokens
- Native cryptocurrencies are inherent to their blockchain, while tokens are built on existing blockchains for various utilities.
Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs)
- NFTs are unique assets that cannot be exchanged on a one-to-one basis, distinguishing them from fungible assets.
Mixers and Tumblers
- Mixers obscure the origin of funds by altering amounts during transactions, making it challenging to trace the initial source.
Cryptoasset Tracing
- Tracing facilitates the identification of patterns in fund flows, aiding investigators in uncovering illicit activities.
Hosted Wallets
- Hosted wallets are controlled jointly by the user and a virtual asset service provider (VASP), blending user control with third-party support.### Hosted Wallets
- Hosted wallets, also known as custodial wallets, are managed by both users and a virtual asset service provider (VASP).
- VASPs secure and manage users' private keys while validating transactions.
- Beginners often prefer hosted wallets for ease of use compared to non-hosted wallets, where users maintain full control over their private keys.
Cloud Wallets
- In cloud wallets, encrypted private keys are stored by the service provider on remote servers.
- This arrangement poses risks such as vulnerability to hacking and theft.
- Cloud wallets are favorable for users seeking third-party management of their digital assets.
Blockchain Transactions
- The first transaction in a new blockchain block is called a coinbase transaction, rewarding miners for their validation efforts.
- This unique transaction creates new bitcoins and does not contain any inputs.
Recovery of Online Wallets
- If login credentials for an online self-hosted wallet are forgotten, users can recover it using a recovery phrase (seed phrase).
- Keeping the recovery phrase secure is crucial, as loss of this phrase can prevent access to the wallet.
Block Halving
- Block halving reduces the issuance rate of new cryptocurrency coins by half after a specific number of blocks are mined.
- This mechanism is designed to control inflation and ensure scarcity, thus increasing value over time.
Pseudonymous Cryptocurrencies
- Pseudonymous cryptocurrencies protect user identities but allow transactions to be traced on the blockchain.
- While not fully anonymous, they utilize pseudonyms instead of real names.
Cryptoasset Trading
- Cryptoasset trading operates continuously, 24/7, across global markets.
- This decentralization requires traders to be well-informed of local regulations, as this banking environment varies significantly by region.
Clustering in Blockchain
- Clustering involves grouping multiple cryptocurrency addresses used in a single transaction input, indicating they likely belong to a single wallet owner.
- This technique helps in blockchain analysis, aiding the identification of fund flows.
Coin Tracing
- Cryptocurrency transactions can be traced using analytical tools, providing transparency, although some privacy-focused coins may limit traceability.
- Paid blockchain software analytic tools enhance tracing capabilities beyond mere exchanges.
Sovereign Cryptocurrencies
- Central banks bear the responsibility and liability for issuing sovereign cryptocurrencies, ensuring stability and security for these government-backed digital currencies.
Creation of Bitcoin
- Bitcoin's creation was largely motivated by a decline in trust towards banks following the 2008 financial crisis, emphasizing the need for a decentralized monetary system.
Risk Review of Smart Contracts
- Key considerations in evaluating smart contracts include the absence of a code audit and the credibility of the organization behind the lending protocol.
Decentralized Finance Projects Risks
- Critical risk factors for decentralized finance (DeFi) projects encompass concentration of governance tokens, existence of admin keys, and potential smart contract failures.
Stablecoin Circulation
- New stablecoins commonly enter circulation via minting against fiat currency, maintaining a fixed value in relation to real-world assets.
Consensus Mechanisms
- Consensus mechanisms are algorithms that ensure all nodes in a blockchain network synchronize data and maintain security, aiding in transaction validation and preventing double-spending.
Decentralized Applications (dApps)
- dApps operate without ownership or central authority, utilizing peer-to-peer networks and smart contracts for transaction processing, emphasizing transparency and lack of censorship.### Decentralized Applications (dApps)
- dApps run on a blockchain and utilize open-source code.
- Operate autonomously through smart contracts.
- Characterized by the absence of ownership, signifying decentralization.
Ethereum Approval Transactions
- Approval transactions grant smart contracts permission to access user balances.
- These transactions are crucial for decentralized finance (DeFi) applications.
- Users must provide explicit permission for smart contracts to spend tokens.
Investigative Context in Cryptoasset Transactions
- Suspicion of drug sales on the dark web can be substantiated by financial patterns.
- Incoming wire transfers from known drug-producing locations strengthen suspicions.
- Other testimonies or financial behaviors are less directly indicative of illicit activities.
Privacy Wallets in Cryptocurrency
- Privacy wallets reduce transaction transparency and support various virtual asset activities.
- Particularly facilitate operations like initial coin offerings (ICOs).
Bitcoin Address Clustering
- Common spend clustering identifies input addresses linked to a single entity.
- Useful for analyzing transaction graphs and detecting patterns indicative of controlled entities.
Goals of Address Clustering
- Aggregates addresses related to a single entity, aiding in the identification of illicit behavior.
- Enhances the accuracy of anti-money laundering (AML) risk assessments.
Techniques in Cryptocurrency Analysis
- Address clustering helps determine if an address belongs to a larger wallet by analyzing transaction patterns.
- Helps in identifying illicit financial activities through grouped addresses.
Bitcoin Transaction Characteristics
- Bitcoin transactions are irreversible once confirmed and cannot be canceled.
- Transactions require possession of a private key to be executed.
- Bitcoin can be subdivided into smaller units, specifically satoshis.
Functions of Virtual Asset Service Providers (VASPs)
- Facilitate transactions between virtual assets and fiat currencies.
- Conduct exchanges between various forms of virtual assets, as defined by regulatory bodies.
Decentralized Bitcoin Mixers
- Transactions in decentralized mixers are conducted collectively among participants.
- Employs protocols like CoinJoin for increased transaction privacy.
UTXO Model Disadvantages
- The complexity of computation is a key drawback of the unspent transaction output (UTXO) model, making scalability more challenging.
Blockchain Oracles
- Blockchain oracles connect smart contracts with real-world data, providing functions like posting real-time cryptocurrency prices.
- Serve as a bridge between blockchains and external data sources, enhancing the functionality of smart contracts.
Security in Virtual Asset Storage
- Hardware wallets are considered the most secure method of storing virtual assets due to their resistance to hacking and offline storage capability.
- While paper wallets are secure, they are prone to user errors.
AML Compliance in Crypto Platforms
- Financial institutions can delegate the implementation of AML obligations to involved legal entities.
- Risk mitigation is vital, and ignoring it is not a viable practice.
Network Vulnerabilities in Blockchains
- Smaller networks are easier to attack if they lack sufficient countermeasures.
- A higher percentage of honest nodes contributes to network safety against attacks.
Legal Risks in Blockchain
- Legal risks encompass data privacy, regulatory challenges, and dispute resolution issues.
- Blockchain technology presents unique legal uncertainties that businesses and regulators must navigate.
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Test your knowledge with these flashcards for the CCAS Certified Cryptoasset Anti-Financial Crime Specialist Certification. Each card covers key concepts related to risk management and transaction monitoring in the realm of virtual assets. Perfect for candidates preparing for the certification exam.