CBSE Class 9 History Chapter 5: Pastoralists in the Modern World

Movement Patterns of Pastoral Communities

• Pastoral communities in the Himalayas typically followed seasonal migration patterns, moving livestock between summer pastures and winter grazing areas.
• This cyclical movement allowed them to take advantage of different grazing conditions throughout the year.

Occupation of the Dhangars

• The Dhangars in Maharashtra primarily engaged in sheep rearing and wool production, predominately under extensive pastoral conditions.

Gollas Herders

• Gollas herders resided mainly in the southern regions of India, particularly in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, focusing on cattle herding as their main livelihood.

Impact of Colonial Rule on Pastoralists

• Colonial rule brought significant changes to pastoralists' lives, including restrictions on their movement and access to grazing lands.
• Many pastoralists faced challenges due to land policies and changes in grazing patterns influenced by colonial administrations.

Agricultural Stock under Colonial Rule

• The impact of colonial rule on pastoralists resulted in a decrease in agricultural stock as pastoralists were forced to abandon traditional practices in favor of cash crops or more sedentary farming.

Role of Nomads

• Nomads traditionally engage in the seasonal movement of livestock, relying on migratory patterns to access different resources like pastures and water.

Migration of Gujjar Bakarwals

• In the nineteenth century, Gujjar Bakarwals from Jammu and Kashmir migrated to the lower regions, including the plains of Punjab, in search of better grazing conditions during summer.

Term for Gujjar Bakarwals' Journey

• The journey of the Gujjar Bakarwals from their winter base to summer grazing grounds and back is referred to as "transhumance."

Other Groups with Seasonal Movement

• The Gujjar Bakarwals share a similar seasonal movement pattern with the Gaddis, another pastoral community known for their migration in the Himalayas.

Colonial Impact on Pastoralists in India and Africa

• Colonialism impacted pastoralists in both India and Africa by enforcing land-use policies that diminished their traditional grazing practices, leading to loss of lands and resources essential for their livelihoods.

Learn about nomadic pastoralists, their way of life, and how pastoralism has influenced societies like India and Africa. Explore the impact of colonialism on their lives and how they have adapted to modern society. These notes provide an overview of the chapter, which starts by focusing on India and then moves to Africa.