CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solutions

Solubility and Solutions

• Solubility is the maximum amount of a substance that can dissolve in a solvent at a given temperature and pressure.
• A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances, where one substance (the solute) is dissolved in another substance (the solvent).

Henry's Law

• Henry's Law states that the amount of a gas dissolved in a solvent is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas above the solvent.

Classification of Solutions

• Solutions can be classified into solid, liquid, or gaseous solutions based on the state of the solvent.

Vapour Pressure

• The vapour pressure of a liquid is the pressure exerted by the molecules of the liquid at the surface of the liquid.

Raoult's Law

• Raoult's Law states that the vapour pressure of a solution is directly proportional to the mole fraction of the solvent.
• The components of a solution cannot be separated under conditions where the intermolecular forces between the solute and solvent are stronger than the forces between the solute particles.
• Ideal solutions, according to Raoult's Law, have the following characteristics: the vapour pressure of the solution is directly proportional to the mole fraction of the solvent, the boiling point of the solution is elevated, and the freezing point of the solution is lowered.

Boiling Point Elevation

• The boiling point of a dilute solution is directly proportional to the molality of the solution, according to Raoult's Law.

Colligative Properties

• Colligative properties, such as boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and osmotic pressure, depend only on the number of solute particles in the solution and not on their nature.

Positive Deviation

• A solution that shows positive deviation, according to Raoult's Law, means that the vapour pressure of the solution is greater than the predicted vapour pressure.

Osmosis

• Osmosis, according to Raoult's Law, is the movement of solvent molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration through a semipermeable membrane.

Isotonic Solutions

• Isotonic solutions, according to Raoult's Law, have the same osmotic pressure.

Van't Hoff Factor

• The Van't Hoff factor 'i' is used to express the extent of association or dissociation of solutes in a solution, according to Raoult's Law.

Osmotic Pressure

• Osmotic pressure (π) is the pressure required to prevent the flow of solvent molecules into a solution through a semipermeable membrane, according to Raoult's Law.