Causes of the French Revolution

The meeting of the three estates in France in 1789 that marked the beginning of the French Revolution.

The oath taken by members of the Third Estate in 1789, vowing not to disband until a new constitution was established, demonstrating their determination for change.

The storming of the Bastille prison in July 1789, a symbolic act of defiance against the monarchy and an important turning point in the revolution.

The abolition of feudalism in 1789, a significant step towards equality and a major reform of the French social system.

The execution of Louis XVI in 1793, marking the end of the French monarchy and the beginning of a republic.

The rigid social structure of pre-revolutionary France, comprising the clergy (First Estate), nobility (Second Estate), and commoners (Third Estate). It perpetuated significant privileges for the upper classes, while the Third Estate, which included the majority of the population, bore the brunt of taxation and had little political power.

The commoners of pre-revolutionary France, encompassing the peasantry, urban workers, and the bourgeoisie. They were burdened by heavy taxes and lacked political representation.

The extravagant spending habits of the French monarchy, particularly Marie Antoinette and Louis XVI, fueled resentment among the populace who faced hardships and inequality.

The initial phase of the French Revolution, focusing on establishing a constitutional monarchy, aimed to limit the power of the king while retaining the monarchy as a form of government.

The symbolic event of the French Revolution, marked by the storming of the Bastille, a prison representing royal authority, by the Parisians in July 1789. It marked a shift towards a more violent and radical phase of the revolution.

The period of extreme violence and political repression that followed the initial phase of the French Revolution. It saw the execution of thousands of perceived enemies of the revolution, including King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette.

The radical phase of the French Revolution characterized by the use of terror and violence to establish control, enforce revolutionary principles, and eliminate opposition. It was led by Maximilien Robespierre and the Jacobins.

The document drafted by the National Assembly during the French Revolution, declaring the rights of man and the citizen. It emphasized the fundamental values of liberty, equality, and fraternity, inspiring revolutions worldwide.

Actions committed during wartime that violate international laws and norms, often involving systematic and widespread atrocities.

The ideology and policies of Adolf Hitler's Nazi Party, characterized by extreme nationalism, racism, and authoritarianism.

The mass murder of Jews, Gypsies, Polish civilians, disabled Germans, and political opponents by the Nazis during World War II.

A network of concentration and extermination camps used by Nazi Germany to systematically kill millions of people during the Holocaust.

An unprecedented method used by the Nazis to kill large numbers of people by using poisonous gas in enclosed killing centers.

A tribunal held after World War II to prosecute leading Nazis for war crimes and crimes against humanity.

The countries that allied to fight against the Axis powers during World War II; primarily the UK, France, the USSR, and the USA.

Germany, Italy, and Japan. They fought against the Allied Powers.

The deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation.

A war fought from 1914 to 1918 between the Allies (England, France, and Russia) and the Central Powers (Germany and Austria-Hungary).

Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria formed this alliance during World War I.

England, France, and Russia formed this alliance during World War I, later joined by the US.

A democratic republic established in Germany after World War I, known for its constitution.

The German Parliament.

The agreement that formally ended World War I, imposing harsh terms on Germany.

Giving up the throne.

The integration of Austria and Germany in 1938 under the idea of uniting German-speaking populations.

A region inhabited by ethnic Germans in Czechoslovakia, annexed by Hitler.

England's initial policy toward Hitler, based on the belief that his demands were reasonable and war could be avoided.

An economic strategy where a government spends more money than it receives in revenue.

Used by Hitler as a solution to Germany's economic problems.

An agreement between Germany, Italy, and Japan in 1940.

Regimes established by Hitler in conquered territories that supported Nazi Germany.

Hitler's aim to conquer Eastern Europe to secure food supplies and living space for Germans.

A political movement led by Adolf Hitler, characterized by extreme nationalism, racism, and authoritarian rule.

Born in Austria in 1889, he rose to power in Germany through the Nazi Party.

A treaty that greatly angered Hitler and many Germans after WWI due to its harsh terms.

A small political group Hitler joined, which he later transformed into the Nazi Party.

The new name Hitler gave to the German Workers' Party; it became his primary vehicle for gaining power.

The German parliament.

The economic crisis of the late 1920s and early 1930s that created conditions in Germany that allowed the Nazi party to gain popular support.

The act of persuading or influencing people to support a particular cause or belief, often through biased or misleading information.

The systematic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of six million Jews by the Nazi regime and its collaborators.

Acts of opposition against Nazi rule, varying from non-compliance to armed rebellion.

Destroying evidence to conceal wrongdoing or incriminating information.

Individuals or groups who assisted the Nazis in carrying out the Holocaust.

A person who observes injustice without intervening.

Preserving the history of the Holocaust through various forms like memoirs, museums, and documentaries.

An urgent request or plea made to someone in power.

To deliberately avoid using force or violence to achieve a goal.

A German pastor and resistance fighter who observed the silence of ordinary Germans in the face of Nazi crimes.

His poem reflects on the lack of protest against the persecution of different groups by the Nazis, as people remained silent when others were targeted.

Historian who interviewed diverse people about Nazism for his documentary 'The Nazis: A Warning from History'.

An ordinary German teenager in the 1930s who felt that Germany was regaining its sense of purpose under the Nazi regime.

Kranz enjoyed increased salaries and Germany's regained purpose during the 1930s, viewing it as a good time for herself.

The text highlights the differing experiences in Nazi Germany, contrasting the positive feelings of some Germans with the suffering of Jewish people.

Remaining silent and indifferent when injustice is inflicted on others.

The willingness of some ordinary Germans to accept or support the Nazi regime due to perceived benefits.

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