3.5 Respiratory Pathophys

What are the two main causes of CO2 retention mentioned in the text?

Which condition causes hypoxemia due to impaired diffusion across the alveolar-capillary unit?

Which condition results in mental confusion, tachycardia, lactic acidosis, and proteinuria when PaO2 falls below 50 mmHg?

What is the characteristic feature of Right-to-Left Shunt?

In which condition would administering 100% O2 not correct the hypoxemia?

Which type of sleep apnea involves apnea due to obstruction during inspiration?

Which of the following exacerbates Ventilation-Perfusion Inequality?

What is the common finding associated with central sleep apnea?

What is the primary cause of hypoxemia in patients with COPD?

Which condition can double PCO2 to 80 mmHg but only decrease PAO2 from 100 to 60 mmHg?

What PFT result would you expect in the 63-year-old woman with a 30 pack-year smoking history, FEV1 of 59%, FEV1/FVC ratio of 0.62, and large lung volumes on CXR?

Apart from rapid, shallow breathing, what is a characteristic of pulmonary edema with alveolar filling?

In the 65-year-old female with hemorrhagic shock and a drop in blood pressure after intubation, what is the most likely cause of her hypotension?

Which of the following is a common feature of all COPDs?

What is the strongest predisposing factor for asthma?

What is a characteristic feature of chronic bronchitis in COPD?

Which of the following is a type of emphysema usually caused by cigarettes?

What contributes to luminal narrowing in chronic bronchitis?

What is a characteristic of asthma related to smooth muscle tone?

What is a common feature of emphysema in COPD?

What is the most common etiology of chronic bronchitis in COPD?

What contributes to ventilation-perfusion inequality in all COPDs?

Which type of emphysema results from alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency?

Which cells play a crucial role in clearing inhaled particles in the terminal airways and alveoli?

What is the primary function of the mucociliary escalator in the respiratory tract?

Which pollutant is predominantly removed from the respiratory tract by impaction or sedimentation?

What effect does cigarette smoke have on alveolar macrophages?

How do alveolar macrophages contribute to innate immunity in the lung?

Which component of cigarette smoke can bind preferentially to hemoglobin?

What is the primary function of the upper viscous gel layer in the mucociliary escalator?

What is a common function of masks, such as N95 respirators, in reducing respiratory exposure to pollutants?

In emphysema, the primary pathogenesis involves hypertrophy of mucous glands and increased mucous hypersecretion.

A patient with chronic bronchitis may exhibit excessive expectoration of sputum due to diminished mucociliary clearance function.

Asthma is characterized by a non-inflammatory process primarily affecting the airway smooth muscle tone.

Ventilation-perfusion inequality in COPDs can lead to hypoxemia with or without CO2 retention.

COPD encompasses chronic bronchitis and asthma, both of which are characterized by airway inflammation and reversible airway obstruction.

Mechanical ventilation can only be delivered invasively with positive pressure ventilation.

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) maintains airway pressure below zero cm H2O.

Oxygen therapy can lead to absorption atelectasis when high FiO2 is administered.

Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) is not commonly used during mechanical ventilation.

Volume control mode in mechanical ventilation delivers a preset volume regardless of changes in lung compliance or airway resistance.