Causes of Globalization

Refers to the way people and places across the world have become closely linked together.

Increased interconnectedness, interdependence and flows between people and places.

The reliance of different countries on each other for resources, goods and services.

Movement of money, goods, people and ideas between countries.

Large companies that operate in multiple countries, influencing global culture and economies.

The process of adapting products to suit local markets and cultures.

Significant improvements in communication and transport technologies that facilitate global connections.

International organisations that provide aid and assistance to countries in need, fostering global cooperation.

The increase in the volume and value of goods and services traded between countries.

The process of businesses locating parts of their operations in different countries to take advantage of lower wages, cheaper resources, or other benefits.

The process of investing in companies or assets in a foreign country.

The removal of trade barriers between countries, such as tariffs and quotas, to promote free trade.

The process of governments reducing their involvement in the economy, allowing for private businesses to operate with less regulation.

The transfer of government-owned businesses to private ownership.

Regions or groups of countries that have agreed to reduce or eliminate trade barriers between themselves.

The loss of productive land due to increasing urban areas, causing pressure on the environment and resources.

The unplanned growth of settlements, often leading to impoverished areas with inadequate infrastructure.

A phenomenon where developing countries experience environmental degradation due to factors like pollution, overexploitation of resources, and biodiversity loss.

The decline of manufacturing industries in developed nations due to globalization, often resulting in job losses and social problems.

A country or region that benefits significantly from globalization, usually due to abundant resources, cheap labor, or a large market.

A country or region that is negatively impacted by globalization, often due to factors like limited resources, political instability, or lack of infrastructure.

The migration of people from rural areas to urban centers, often driven by economic opportunities and pull factors.

The rapid growth of urban areas creates social and environmental challenges, such as overcrowding, strain on resources, and the emergence of informal settlements.

The gap between rich and poor countries widens due to uneven benefits of globalisation.

The spread of western ideas, culture, and products globally through various channels like TNCs, media, and migration.

The spread of ideas, cultures, and practices across different parts of the world through various means.

Groups that oppose the negative impacts of globalisation, promoting local cultures and sustainable practices.

The use of international agreements and policies to manage global challenges.

The ability of countries to work together to address global challenges such as climate change and poverty.

The practice of acquiring goods and services from within a local area to promote sustainability and reduce environmental impact.

International agreements and certifications that aim to improve working conditions, environmental practices, and fair trade in developing countries.

The process of collecting and reusing materials to reduce resource consumption and minimize waste.

Groups, often with political leanings, that seek to re-establish their cultural identity and control over physical resources.

The pursuit of sustainability by reducing the environmental impact of economic activities, often through local sourcing and ethical consumption.

A measure of income inequality within a population. A higher Gini Coefficient indicates greater income disparity.

A theory suggesting that as a country develops economically, environmental quality initially deteriorates due to increased industrialization, but eventually improves as the country becomes wealthier and more environmentally conscious.

Economic policies that encourage foreign investment and trade by reducing government regulation. This can lead to cultural diversity but may also create social tensions.

Censorship by governments of information or ideas that they deem sensitive or harmful to their control.

The increasing gap between the rich and the poor globally, often attributed to the effects of globalization.

Tensions arising from the increasing competition for scarce resources, particularly as environmental concerns intensify due to climate change and resource depletion.

Conflicts arising from differences in cultural backgrounds, racial identities, or ethnicities, often exacerbated by globalization and immigration.