Causes of birth/death rates, poverty, think tanks

• These questions pertain to an 80-mark exam pattern.

Q.3 Short-answer questions (12 Marks)

• Requires brief explanations.
• There are 3-4 marks per question.
• Focus on providing concise and accurate answers.

Causes of high birth rate and low death rate

• High birth rates can be attributed to factors like lack of access to family planning, cultural norms favoring large families, and higher infant mortality rates prompting more births.
• Low death rates result from improved healthcare, sanitation, nutrition, and access to clean water.

Concept of poverty and the poverty line

• Poverty refers to the state of lacking essential resources.
• These resources are needed for basic well-being such as food, shelter, clothing, healthcare, and education.
• The poverty line is a threshold income level.
• Those below the poverty line are considered poor.

Functions of a Think Tank

• Think tanks conduct research and analysis on policy issues.
• They offer advice to governments and organizations.
• They engage in public education and advocacy.
• Their goal is to contribute to informed decision-making.

Vicious circle of poverty

• The vicious circle of poverty describes a self-perpetuating cycle.
• Low income leads to poor health, low education, and reduced productivity.
• Reduced productivity then results in continued low income, trapping individuals and communities in poverty.

Q.4 Agree/Disagree with reasons (12 Marks)

• Requires stating an opinion and justifying it with reasoning.
• Each question has 3-4 marks allocated.
• Need to provide well-supported arguments.

Theory of Demographic Transition

• Assesses whether demographic transition applies to all economies.
• Demographic Transition involves the shift from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as a country develops.
• Agreement or disagreement should be based on how well the theory fits diverse economic contexts.

Causes of unemployment

• Determines whether government policies are responsible for unemployment.
• Unemployment can be influenced by factors beyond government policies.
• These factors include technological changes, global economic conditions, and skill mismatches.
• Agreement or disagreement should consider the role of government alongside other influences.

Importance of state governments in NITI Aayog

• States whether state governments play a crucial role in NITI Aayog.
• NITI Aayog is designed to foster cooperative federalism.
• State governments are involved in the planning and decision-making processes.

Causes of poverty

• Assesses whether poverty is mainly due to lack of employment.
• Poverty can stem from multiple factors beyond just unemployment.
• These factors include, lack of education, healthcare access, social inequality, and discrimination.
• Agreement or disagreement should consider the multifaceted nature of poverty.

Q.5 Study data, flowcharts, and answer (12 Marks)

• Involves analyzing data, flowcharts, or passages to answer questions.
• There are 3-4 marks per question,
• Answers should be based on information presented.

Statistical Calculation (Q₁, Q₃, P₂₆)

• Calculate Q₁ (first quartile), Q₃ (third quartile), and P₂₆ (26th percentile) for the given data: (16, 26, 25, 12, 10, 9, 8, 18, 24, 45, 29, 4, 7, 28, 49, 16).
• Requires understanding of statistical measures.
  • Q₁ represents the value below which 25% of the data falls.
  • Q₃ represents the value below which 75% of the data falls.
  • P₂₆ represents the value below which 26% of the data falls.

Unemployment flowchart

• Need to study the flowchart of Types of Unemployment.
• Be prepared to answer questions based on the relationships and categories shown.
• Examples include frictional, structural, cyclical, and seasonal unemployment.

NITI Aayog Analysis

• Need to analyze the role of state governments in NITI Aayog based on a given passage or figure.
• Requires extracting relevant information.
• Requires identifying the roles and impacts of state governments within the NITI Aayog framework.

Q.6 Detailed answers (16 Marks)

• Requires long, detailed explanations.
• There are 2-3 questions with approximately 5-8 marks each.
• Answers need to be comprehensive and well-structured.

Measures for Eradicating Poverty

• Include strategies like promoting economic growth, improving access to education and healthcare, and providing social safety nets.
• Also includes empowering marginalized groups, and ensuring equitable distribution of resources.

Components of the New Economic Policy

• The New Economic Policy (NEP) typically involves liberalization, privatization, and globalization.
• Liberalization refers to reducing government controls and regulations.
• Privatization involves transferring ownership from the public to the private sector.
• Globalization entails integrating the economy with the world economy through trade and investment.

Structure of NITI Aayog

• NITI Aayog includes a Governing Council with state Chief Ministers, a Vice-Chairperson, CEO, and full-time Members.
• There are also part-time Members, and Special Invitees.
• This structure enables broad representation and expert input.

Features of Economic Policy

• Economic policies include monetary policy, fiscal policy, trade policy, and industrial policy.
• Monetary policy manages the money supply and interest rates.
• Fiscal policy involves government spending and taxation.
• Trade policy regulates imports and exports.
• Industrial policy promotes the growth and development of specific industries.

Economic Planning

• Economic planning involves setting goals.
• It also involves creating strategies.
• It coordinates resources to achieve economic development.
• Features include goal-oriented, comprehensive, coordinated, and time-bound approaches.

Government Measures to Reduce Unemployment

• Government initiatives to reduce unemployment include employment generation programs, skill development initiatives, and support for small and medium enterprises.
• It also includes investment in infrastructure and promotion of entrepreneurship.