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In the 16th century, Spain had a significant Jewish population that influenced Spanish Catholicism.
In the 16th century, Spain had a significant Jewish population that influenced Spanish Catholicism.
True
The Jesuit order was founded in Spain.
The Jesuit order was founded in Spain.
False
The Emperor expressed regret for not moving against Luther earlier due to fear of civil war.
The Emperor expressed regret for not moving against Luther earlier due to fear of civil war.
True
The Reformation was characterized by a weak Catholic identity.
The Reformation was characterized by a weak Catholic identity.
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Luther's views were shaped by the presence of Islamic populations in Wittenberg.
Luther's views were shaped by the presence of Islamic populations in Wittenberg.
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Nationalism played a significant role in the Reformation.
Nationalism played a significant role in the Reformation.
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Public opinion was a key factor in the Reformation.
Public opinion was a key factor in the Reformation.
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The Spanish Inquisition was a response to Luther's views on secular authority.
The Spanish Inquisition was a response to Luther's views on secular authority.
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According to Luther, one must always obey the civil authorities.
According to Luther, one must always obey the civil authorities.
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Luther's views on secular authority contributed to the ease of the Holocaust in Germany.
Luther's views on secular authority contributed to the ease of the Holocaust in Germany.
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There was unanimous support for Luther's views in Germany.
There was unanimous support for Luther's views in Germany.
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Luther's nationalistic views were the primary reason for his popularity in Germany.
Luther's nationalistic views were the primary reason for his popularity in Germany.
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Public opinion played a significant role in the English Reformation.
Public opinion played a significant role in the English Reformation.
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The English Reformation was universally popular in England.
The English Reformation was universally popular in England.
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Catholicism was universally rejected in England during the Reformation.
Catholicism was universally rejected in England during the Reformation.
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France was a primarily Protestant nation during the Reformation.
France was a primarily Protestant nation during the Reformation.
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Luther's bowel problems did not affect his thinking
Luther's bowel problems did not affect his thinking
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Philip Melanchthon was a skilled politician
Philip Melanchthon was a skilled politician
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Karl Stadt was Luther's junior in faculty
Karl Stadt was Luther's junior in faculty
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The marriage of clergy was prohibited in the Reformation
The marriage of clergy was prohibited in the Reformation
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Private masses were retained in the reformed liturgy
Private masses were retained in the reformed liturgy
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Luther was not involved in the Reformation after his excommunication
Luther was not involved in the Reformation after his excommunication
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Justus Jonas declared the relics in Wittenberg to be genuine
Justus Jonas declared the relics in Wittenberg to be genuine
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A full vernacular liturgy was established in Wittenberg in 1521
A full vernacular liturgy was established in Wittenberg in 1521
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Luther's reformation is considered socially liberal.
Luther's reformation is considered socially liberal.
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Calvin is considered more radical than Luther in his political views.
Calvin is considered more radical than Luther in his political views.
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The Institutes by Calvin is primarily a book of systematic theology.
The Institutes by Calvin is primarily a book of systematic theology.
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Calvin and Luther were both strong proponents of democracy.
Calvin and Luther were both strong proponents of democracy.
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Peasant uprisings were welcomed by feudal princes in the 16th century.
Peasant uprisings were welcomed by feudal princes in the 16th century.
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The Institutes by Calvin begins with a letter to the Pope.
The Institutes by Calvin begins with a letter to the Pope.
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Catholics and Protestants often found common ground in their opposition to peasant uprisings.
Catholics and Protestants often found common ground in their opposition to peasant uprisings.
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Luther became more conservative in his views after 1530.
Luther became more conservative in his views after 1530.
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The majority of people in London were opposed to the EU due to their rural areas.
The majority of people in London were opposed to the EU due to their rural areas.
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Luther's invitation to speak in Worms was met with widespread opposition from the public.
Luther's invitation to speak in Worms was met with widespread opposition from the public.
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The ban on Luther was enforced uniformly throughout Germany.
The ban on Luther was enforced uniformly throughout Germany.
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Protestants in England during the 16th century were often motivated by well-thought-out biblical objections to transubstantiation.
Protestants in England during the 16th century were often motivated by well-thought-out biblical objections to transubstantiation.
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Erasmus supported Luther's views on secular authority.
Erasmus supported Luther's views on secular authority.
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The Reformation had a significant impact on national identity in England.
The Reformation had a significant impact on national identity in England.
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Luther's views were popular among the rural population in England.
Luther's views were popular among the rural population in England.
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The Reformation was driven primarily by theological debates about transubstantiation.
The Reformation was driven primarily by theological debates about transubstantiation.
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Study Notes
Spanish Catholicism and Identity
- In the 16th century, Spanish Catholicism had a strong self-conscious identity due to its interactions with Jewish and Islamic populations in Spain.
- Defining oneself against other religious communities contributed to the development of a clear Catholic identity.
The Jesuit Order and Spanish Catholics
- The Jesuit order was founded at the University of Paris, but it drew its strength from Spanish Catholics.
- Spanish Catholics had a head start on Catholics elsewhere in Europe in terms of knowing who they were and what they believed.
The Spanish and Luther's Reformation
- It was the Spanish who called for Luther to be burned at the stake because they knew what they were talking about more than others.
- The Emperor expressed a wish to have moved against Luther earlier, but it was a rhetorical expression of his strong feelings.
Luther's Views on Secular Authority
- Luther's views on secular authority will be discussed later, but they are important because they are often seen as a reason why good Lutherans were unable to resist the authorities during the Holocaust.
Public Opinion and the Reformation
- Public opinion varied during the Reformation, just as it does now.
- There is a debate about whether the English Reformation was a popular movement or imposed by the crown.
- England provides an interesting test case for this debate, with parts of the country showing vibrant Catholicism and others showing significant popular resistance.
The Magisterial Reformers
- The magisterial reformers, including Luther and Calvin, were socially conservative and not politically radical.
- Calvin's Institutes can be read as a political treatise, with its focus on civil obedience and its letter to King Francis.
The Reformation and Social Hierarchy
- Calvin was an aristocrat in terms of his view of politics, believing that the best people should rule.
- The Reformation was not a popular uprising, but rather a movement that was often imposed by the crown.
Luther's Reformation and Popular Appeal
- Luther's Reformation had huge popular appeal, with pamphlets selling like hotcakes and posters of Luther being produced.
- The ban on Luther's writings was not accepted in some places, with people likely to be beaten up and sent away if they tried to enforce it.
The Wittenberg Leadership
- The Wittenberg leadership passed into the hands of three men: Philip Melanchthon, Karlstadt, and Conrad Zwilling.
- These men started to implement reforms, including the marriage of clergy, the reform of the mass, and the abolition of private masses.
The Reformation and Church Unity
- The Reformation was no longer about church unity, but rather about implementing reforms on the ground.
- The reforms led to the introduction of a vernacular liturgy in Wittenberg, which was completed in 1525.
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Description
This quiz explores the concept of Catholic identity in the early 16th century, with a focus on Spanish Catholicism as an exception to the chaos of the time.
