Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which type of cataract is characterized by an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern and is not always congenital in origin?
Which type of cataract is characterized by an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern and is not always congenital in origin?
- Lamellar cataract (correct)
- Mittendorf's dot
- Cerulean cataract
- Persistent pupillary membrane
What structure is a remnant of the hyaloid system, previously attached to the lens?
What structure is a remnant of the hyaloid system, previously attached to the lens?
- Persistent pupillary membrane
- Cerulean cataract
- Mittendorf's dot (correct)
- Lamellar cataract
Which of the following is NOT a type of cataract discussed in the text?
Which of the following is NOT a type of cataract discussed in the text?
- Blue dot cataract
- Persistent pupillary membrane
- Nuclear cataract (correct)
- Zonular cataract
Which type of cataract is considered a common and rarely vision-affecting congenital cataract?
Which type of cataract is considered a common and rarely vision-affecting congenital cataract?
What is the most common type of intraocular lens implant used to replace the crystalline lens in cataract surgery?
What is the most common type of intraocular lens implant used to replace the crystalline lens in cataract surgery?
What is the name for web-like projections attached to the iris surface that sometimes persist as remnants of the pupillary membrane?
What is the name for web-like projections attached to the iris surface that sometimes persist as remnants of the pupillary membrane?
What is the primary reason for the preference of posterior chamber lens implants over other types in cataract surgery?
What is the primary reason for the preference of posterior chamber lens implants over other types in cataract surgery?
What is the term for the transitory network of blood vessels anterior to the lens that forms during the third month of development?
What is the term for the transitory network of blood vessels anterior to the lens that forms during the third month of development?
In which quadrant of the lens periphery do cortical cataracts most commonly occur in their early stages?
In which quadrant of the lens periphery do cortical cataracts most commonly occur in their early stages?
Which of the following ocular conditions is MOST associated with the formation of glaukomflecken?
Which of the following ocular conditions is MOST associated with the formation of glaukomflecken?
Which of the following changes DOES NOT occur during accommodation?
Which of the following changes DOES NOT occur during accommodation?
What type of cataract is MOST commonly associated with atopic dermatitis?
What type of cataract is MOST commonly associated with atopic dermatitis?
Which of the following is the LEAST common cause of congenital cataracts?
Which of the following is the LEAST common cause of congenital cataracts?
Which of the following systemic diseases is NOT associated with a specific type of cataract?
Which of the following systemic diseases is NOT associated with a specific type of cataract?
What type of astigmatism does the progression of cataracts induce?
What type of astigmatism does the progression of cataracts induce?
Which Purkinje image is inverted?
Which Purkinje image is inverted?
Which of the following is the MOST likely ocular consequence of long-term treatment with corticosteroids in a patient with chronic anterior uveitis?
Which of the following is the MOST likely ocular consequence of long-term treatment with corticosteroids in a patient with chronic anterior uveitis?
Which of the following is NOT a hereditary fundus dystrophy associated with posterior subcapsular cataracts?
Which of the following is NOT a hereditary fundus dystrophy associated with posterior subcapsular cataracts?
Which of the four Purkinje images is the largest?
Which of the four Purkinje images is the largest?
Which of the following is the LEAST likely cause of a secondary cataract?
Which of the following is the LEAST likely cause of a secondary cataract?
Which of the following changes DOES NOT contribute to fluctuating vision in a patient with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus?
Which of the following changes DOES NOT contribute to fluctuating vision in a patient with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus?
Which of the following statements about congenital cataracts is TRUE?
Which of the following statements about congenital cataracts is TRUE?
What type of cataract is MOST commonly associated with Wilson's disease?
What type of cataract is MOST commonly associated with Wilson's disease?
Which of the following is NOT a common etiology of a congenital cataract?
Which of the following is NOT a common etiology of a congenital cataract?
What is the primary mechanism by which elevated glucose levels contribute to changes in the crystalline lens in diabetic patients?
What is the primary mechanism by which elevated glucose levels contribute to changes in the crystalline lens in diabetic patients?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the accommodative changes that occur when focusing on a near object?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the accommodative changes that occur when focusing on a near object?
Which type of cataract is characterized by a granular, plaque-like appearance on retroillumination and is often associated with long-term corticosteroid use?
Which type of cataract is characterized by a granular, plaque-like appearance on retroillumination and is often associated with long-term corticosteroid use?
A patient with diabetes mellitus complains of fluctuating vision, particularly when reading or in bright light. What is the MOST likely underlying cause of this symptom?
A patient with diabetes mellitus complains of fluctuating vision, particularly when reading or in bright light. What is the MOST likely underlying cause of this symptom?
What is the metabolic pathway responsible for the accumulation of sorbitol in the lens of diabetic patients?
What is the metabolic pathway responsible for the accumulation of sorbitol in the lens of diabetic patients?
Which type of cataract is characterized by a yellowing or browning discoloration of the lens nucleus?
Which type of cataract is characterized by a yellowing or browning discoloration of the lens nucleus?
A patient presents with a cataract that appears as wedge-shaped or radial spoke-like opacities on slit-lamp examination. What is the MOST likely diagnosis?
A patient presents with a cataract that appears as wedge-shaped or radial spoke-like opacities on slit-lamp examination. What is the MOST likely diagnosis?
What is the primary function of the zonules of Zinn?
What is the primary function of the zonules of Zinn?
Which of the following factors can contribute to the development of posterior subcapsular cataracts?
Which of the following factors can contribute to the development of posterior subcapsular cataracts?
A patient with a mature cataract will typically experience:
A patient with a mature cataract will typically experience:
What is the difference between nuclear sclerosis and brunescence?
What is the difference between nuclear sclerosis and brunescence?
What is the MOST likely reason why a patient with a posterior subcapsular cataract may experience decreased vision particularly during reading or in bright light?
What is the MOST likely reason why a patient with a posterior subcapsular cataract may experience decreased vision particularly during reading or in bright light?
What is the mechanism by which the crystalline lens changes shape during accommodation?
What is the mechanism by which the crystalline lens changes shape during accommodation?
Why might a doctor defer prescribing glasses for a diabetic patient with fluctuating vision?
Why might a doctor defer prescribing glasses for a diabetic patient with fluctuating vision?
What is the primary difference between a cortical cataract and a nuclear sclerotic cataract?
What is the primary difference between a cortical cataract and a nuclear sclerotic cataract?
Which type of cataract is MOST likely to cause glare and difficulty seeing in bright light?
Which type of cataract is MOST likely to cause glare and difficulty seeing in bright light?
Which of the following conditions is NOT associated with an increased risk of posterior capsular rupture during cataract surgery?
Which of the following conditions is NOT associated with an increased risk of posterior capsular rupture during cataract surgery?
In patients with homocystinuria, what is the typical direction of crystalline lens subluxation?
In patients with homocystinuria, what is the typical direction of crystalline lens subluxation?
Which of the following anatomical changes is believed to occur with the development of presbyopia?
Which of the following anatomical changes is believed to occur with the development of presbyopia?
Which of the following corneal conditions is most likely to be associated with impaired wound healing?
Which of the following corneal conditions is most likely to be associated with impaired wound healing?
A patient presents with recurrent corneal erosions and wishes to undergo refractive surgery. What procedure is considered the most appropriate option in this case?
A patient presents with recurrent corneal erosions and wishes to undergo refractive surgery. What procedure is considered the most appropriate option in this case?
What is the anatomical space referred to as Berger's space?
What is the anatomical space referred to as Berger's space?
A patient presents with blurred vision and glare at night following cataract surgery. Slit-lamp examination reveals fibrosis on the posterior surface of their intraocular lens implant. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A patient presents with blurred vision and glare at night following cataract surgery. Slit-lamp examination reveals fibrosis on the posterior surface of their intraocular lens implant. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Which corneal dystrophy is characterized by amyloid deposition and can present with both thick and thin lines as well as dots?
Which corneal dystrophy is characterized by amyloid deposition and can present with both thick and thin lines as well as dots?
Which of the following retinal layers is NOT pushed aside at the foveola?
Which of the following retinal layers is NOT pushed aside at the foveola?
Which of the following conditions involves inflammation solely in the corneal stroma, without involvement of the epithelium or endothelium?
Which of the following conditions involves inflammation solely in the corneal stroma, without involvement of the epithelium or endothelium?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a mature cataract?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a mature cataract?
Which of the following corneal dystrophies is characterized by the deposition of glycosaminoglycans in the stroma?
Which of the following corneal dystrophies is characterized by the deposition of glycosaminoglycans in the stroma?
What is the most likely reason for inserting a capsular tension ring during cataract surgery in a patient with pseudoexfoliation syndrome?
What is the most likely reason for inserting a capsular tension ring during cataract surgery in a patient with pseudoexfoliation syndrome?
A patient presents with corneal thinning and enlargement of opacities that extend from the central cornea to the limbus, affecting all layers. Which corneal dystrophy is most likely the cause?
A patient presents with corneal thinning and enlargement of opacities that extend from the central cornea to the limbus, affecting all layers. Which corneal dystrophy is most likely the cause?
Which of the following surgical procedures involves replacing the full thickness of the cornea with donor tissue?
Which of the following surgical procedures involves replacing the full thickness of the cornea with donor tissue?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Elschnig pearls?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Elschnig pearls?
What is the most common late complication of uncomplicated cataract surgery?
What is the most common late complication of uncomplicated cataract surgery?
Which of the following procedures is NOT recommended for patients with recurrent corneal erosions who wish to undergo refractive surgery?
Which of the following procedures is NOT recommended for patients with recurrent corneal erosions who wish to undergo refractive surgery?
Which of the following is NOT a common manifestation of homocystinuria?
Which of the following is NOT a common manifestation of homocystinuria?
Which of the following corneal conditions is characterized by deposits of eosinophilic hyaline in the anterior stroma?
Which of the following corneal conditions is characterized by deposits of eosinophilic hyaline in the anterior stroma?
Which of the following is a common ocular complication associated with systemic lupus erythematosus?
Which of the following is a common ocular complication associated with systemic lupus erythematosus?
What is the name of the corneal surgical procedure that involves transplanting a partial thickness of the corneal epithelium and stroma, leaving the deeper layers intact?
What is the name of the corneal surgical procedure that involves transplanting a partial thickness of the corneal epithelium and stroma, leaving the deeper layers intact?
What is the primary justification for early cataract surgery in patients with pseudoexfoliation syndrome?
What is the primary justification for early cataract surgery in patients with pseudoexfoliation syndrome?
In which corneal dystrophy is a clear limbal zone usually preserved in the early stages?
In which corneal dystrophy is a clear limbal zone usually preserved in the early stages?
What is the rationale for placing an IOL in the sulcus or suturing it in some cases of cataract surgery in patients with pseudoexfoliation syndrome?
What is the rationale for placing an IOL in the sulcus or suturing it in some cases of cataract surgery in patients with pseudoexfoliation syndrome?
Which of the following is a TRUE statement regarding the preferred surgical intervention in patients with macular dystrophy?
Which of the following is a TRUE statement regarding the preferred surgical intervention in patients with macular dystrophy?
Which of the following is NOT a typical complaint associated with posterior capsular opacification?
Which of the following is NOT a typical complaint associated with posterior capsular opacification?
Which form of keratitis is primarily associated with syphilis?
Which form of keratitis is primarily associated with syphilis?
Which of the following statements is NOT true of anterior capsular contraction?
Which of the following statements is NOT true of anterior capsular contraction?
Which of the following procedures removes almost all opaque corneal tissue, leaving only Descemet's membrane intact?
Which of the following procedures removes almost all opaque corneal tissue, leaving only Descemet's membrane intact?
Which of the following conditions involves inflammation of the corneal epithelium and stroma, but not the endothelium?
Which of the following conditions involves inflammation of the corneal epithelium and stroma, but not the endothelium?
Which of the following is a rare form of chronic conjunctivitis characterized by the presence of pseudomembranes on the palpebral conjunctiva?
Which of the following is a rare form of chronic conjunctivitis characterized by the presence of pseudomembranes on the palpebral conjunctiva?
Which of the following retinal structures is the most central (smallest diameter)?
Which of the following retinal structures is the most central (smallest diameter)?
What is the principle behind the measurement of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness by scanning laser polarimetry?
What is the principle behind the measurement of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness by scanning laser polarimetry?
Which of the following vascular beds has the lowest flow rate and the highest resistance?
Which of the following vascular beds has the lowest flow rate and the highest resistance?
What percentage of patients presenting with a stage 1 macular hole typically resolve spontaneously without treatment?
What percentage of patients presenting with a stage 1 macular hole typically resolve spontaneously without treatment?
Which of the following phenomena contribute to the dark appearance of the fovea in fluorescein angiography images? (Select 3)
Which of the following phenomena contribute to the dark appearance of the fovea in fluorescein angiography images? (Select 3)
Which of the following conditions are associated with an increased likelihood of developing a posterior vitreous detachment? (Select 3)
Which of the following conditions are associated with an increased likelihood of developing a posterior vitreous detachment? (Select 3)
What is the approximate diameter of the fovea centralis?
What is the approximate diameter of the fovea centralis?
Which of the following retinal structures directly surrounds the fovea?
Which of the following retinal structures directly surrounds the fovea?
What is the approximate diameter of the perifoveal area?
What is the approximate diameter of the perifoveal area?
What is the primary function of birefringent materials in scanning laser polarimetry?
What is the primary function of birefringent materials in scanning laser polarimetry?
What anterior segment structure contributes to birefringence, and how does it affect scanning laser polarimetry?
What anterior segment structure contributes to birefringence, and how does it affect scanning laser polarimetry?
Which of the following statements about the characteristics of stage 1 macular holes is TRUE?
Which of the following statements about the characteristics of stage 1 macular holes is TRUE?
What is the primary reason for observing a dark appearance in the foveal region during fluorescein angiography?
What is the primary reason for observing a dark appearance in the foveal region during fluorescein angiography?
What role does xanthophyll play in the dark appearance of the fovea in fluorescein angiography?
What role does xanthophyll play in the dark appearance of the fovea in fluorescein angiography?
What is the primary factor that influences the rate of vitreous aging and the likelihood of developing a posterior vitreous detachment?
What is the primary factor that influences the rate of vitreous aging and the likelihood of developing a posterior vitreous detachment?
Which of the following statements regarding the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in the fovea is TRUE?
Which of the following statements regarding the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in the fovea is TRUE?
What is the primary function of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in the eye?
What is the primary function of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in the eye?
Which bacterium is most commonly associated with acute bacterial conjunctivitis in children?
Which bacterium is most commonly associated with acute bacterial conjunctivitis in children?
What type of hypersensitivity reaction is responsible for allergic conjunctivitis?
What type of hypersensitivity reaction is responsible for allergic conjunctivitis?
Which condition is characterized by the presence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
Which condition is characterized by the presence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
In the context of keratometry, what does an elliptical reflection with a vertical long axis indicate?
In the context of keratometry, what does an elliptical reflection with a vertical long axis indicate?
What is the most prominent bacterium causing chronic conjunctivitis?
What is the most prominent bacterium causing chronic conjunctivitis?
Why do gram-positive bacteria appear purple when stained with crystal violet?
Why do gram-positive bacteria appear purple when stained with crystal violet?
Which of the following is a characteristic of Type II hypersensitivity reactions?
Which of the following is a characteristic of Type II hypersensitivity reactions?
What is the expected keratometry reading for a patient with against-the-rule astigmatism?
What is the expected keratometry reading for a patient with against-the-rule astigmatism?
What is the most common cause of rhegmatogenous retinal detachments?
What is the most common cause of rhegmatogenous retinal detachments?
Which type of retinal detachment occurs due to tractional forces?
Which type of retinal detachment occurs due to tractional forces?
Which structure is NOT associated with cone photoreceptors?
Which structure is NOT associated with cone photoreceptors?
What age group and gender is most commonly associated with Central Serous Retinopathy?
What age group and gender is most commonly associated with Central Serous Retinopathy?
Which vitamin, if taken in excess, may interfere with Vitamin A uptake?
Which vitamin, if taken in excess, may interfere with Vitamin A uptake?
During the Watzke-Allen test, what observation indicates a potential macular hole?
During the Watzke-Allen test, what observation indicates a potential macular hole?
What is the most common systemic disease associated with angioid streaks?
What is the most common systemic disease associated with angioid streaks?
What type of retinal detachment is primarily caused by choroidal or retinal disease?
What type of retinal detachment is primarily caused by choroidal or retinal disease?
Which characteristic is associated with combined tractional/rhegmatogenous retinal detachments?
Which characteristic is associated with combined tractional/rhegmatogenous retinal detachments?
In the context of macular holes, what does a 'pedicle' refer to?
In the context of macular holes, what does a 'pedicle' refer to?
What typically happens in most cases of Central Serous Retinopathy?
What typically happens in most cases of Central Serous Retinopathy?
What determines the condition of vitreous traction in a tractional retinal detachment?
What determines the condition of vitreous traction in a tractional retinal detachment?
Which feature can be noted during a fluorescein angiography in CSR?
Which feature can be noted during a fluorescein angiography in CSR?
What is the primary systemic disease associated with angioid streaks in patients?
What is the primary systemic disease associated with angioid streaks in patients?
Which ocular complication is most commonly developed by patients with Pseudoxanthoma elasticum?
Which ocular complication is most commonly developed by patients with Pseudoxanthoma elasticum?
Which systemic condition is frequently associated with lens subluxation and blue sclera?
Which systemic condition is frequently associated with lens subluxation and blue sclera?
What is the most typical eye examination test recommended for patients taking tamoxifen?
What is the most typical eye examination test recommended for patients taking tamoxifen?
In retinitis pigmentosa, which optic nerve change is most commonly observed?
In retinitis pigmentosa, which optic nerve change is most commonly observed?
What is the common complication of a posterior vitreous detachment?
What is the common complication of a posterior vitreous detachment?
Which of the following characteristics are the MOST common risk factors for the development of a retinal detachment?
Which of the following characteristics are the MOST common risk factors for the development of a retinal detachment?
What is identified as the most common cause of irreversible vision loss in individuals over 50 years of age?
What is identified as the most common cause of irreversible vision loss in individuals over 50 years of age?
Angioid streaks may occur in patients with which of the following conditions?
Angioid streaks may occur in patients with which of the following conditions?
How many photons need to be detected by a rod photoreceptor to initiate a stimulus?
How many photons need to be detected by a rod photoreceptor to initiate a stimulus?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic sign in patients with Pseudoxanthoma elasticum?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic sign in patients with Pseudoxanthoma elasticum?
What condition is characterized by accelerated atherosclerosis according to the disorders listed?
What condition is characterized by accelerated atherosclerosis according to the disorders listed?
What is the term for the region that represents the posterior termination of Cloquet's canal?
What is the term for the region that represents the posterior termination of Cloquet's canal?
Which differentiates between a papillary and follicular reaction in conjunctivitis?
Which differentiates between a papillary and follicular reaction in conjunctivitis?
Which of the following is NOT an indication of wet age-related macular degeneration (ARMD)?
Which of the following is NOT an indication of wet age-related macular degeneration (ARMD)?
What type of cells contribute to the formation of the internal limiting membrane of the retina?
What type of cells contribute to the formation of the internal limiting membrane of the retina?
What increase can be observed in serum tests for patients with Paget's disease?
What increase can be observed in serum tests for patients with Paget's disease?
Which retinal structure has the strongest attachment site for the posterior cortical vitreous?
Which retinal structure has the strongest attachment site for the posterior cortical vitreous?
What is a feature of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome related to skin?
What is a feature of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome related to skin?
What is the location of the peak density of rod photoreceptors in relation to the fovea?
What is the location of the peak density of rod photoreceptors in relation to the fovea?
Which ocular condition has the highest risk in patients taking tamoxifen?
Which ocular condition has the highest risk in patients taking tamoxifen?
Which molecule acts as a second messenger in the retina and is crucial in the phototransduction cascade?
Which molecule acts as a second messenger in the retina and is crucial in the phototransduction cascade?
Where do flame hemorrhages typically occur in the retina?
Where do flame hemorrhages typically occur in the retina?
Which of the following types of retinal cells does NOT undergo a graded potential?
Which of the following types of retinal cells does NOT undergo a graded potential?
What percentage of patients with myopia greater than 8 diopters is at increased risk for retinal detachment?
What percentage of patients with myopia greater than 8 diopters is at increased risk for retinal detachment?
What percentage of patients with Paget's disease may exhibit angioid streaks?
What percentage of patients with Paget's disease may exhibit angioid streaks?
What condition is presumed to lead to a higher incidence of retinal detachments in aphakic patients?
What condition is presumed to lead to a higher incidence of retinal detachments in aphakic patients?
Which condition is categorized as a 'white dot syndrome'?
Which condition is categorized as a 'white dot syndrome'?
Among these lifestyle choices, which is the least likely to contribute to macular degeneration risk?
Among these lifestyle choices, which is the least likely to contribute to macular degeneration risk?
What percentage of individuals over age 75 experience some degree of central vision loss due to age-related macular degeneration?
What percentage of individuals over age 75 experience some degree of central vision loss due to age-related macular degeneration?
Which of the following ocular manifestations is commonly associated with malignant hypertension?
Which of the following ocular manifestations is commonly associated with malignant hypertension?
Which factor significantly increases the risk of retinal detachment due to the possibility of retinal tears?
Which factor significantly increases the risk of retinal detachment due to the possibility of retinal tears?
What defines the peak region of rod photoreceptors in relation to the fovea's photoreceptor distribution?
What defines the peak region of rod photoreceptors in relation to the fovea's photoreceptor distribution?
What aspect of retinal cells allows for graded potentials without generating action potentials?
What aspect of retinal cells allows for graded potentials without generating action potentials?
Which is a key distinguishing feature of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy?
Which is a key distinguishing feature of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy?
In the context of glaucoma, what is the typical structural change observed?
In the context of glaucoma, what is the typical structural change observed?
Which layer of the retina is specifically affected by flame hemorrhages?
Which layer of the retina is specifically affected by flame hemorrhages?
What is the most common cause of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in adults?
What is the most common cause of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in adults?
Which factor significantly increases the risk for age-related macular degeneration?
Which factor significantly increases the risk for age-related macular degeneration?
Which retinal structure has the weakest attachment site for the posterior vitreous?
Which retinal structure has the weakest attachment site for the posterior vitreous?
In patients with malignant hypertension, which ocular symptom is often observed?
In patients with malignant hypertension, which ocular symptom is often observed?
What physiological change in retinal cells allows for a range of signal amplitudes?
What physiological change in retinal cells allows for a range of signal amplitudes?
What is the potential serious complication of untreated conjunctivitis caused by gonorrhoeae?
What is the potential serious complication of untreated conjunctivitis caused by gonorrhoeae?
Which organism is the predominant cause of bacterial conjunctivitis in adults living in warmer climates?
Which organism is the predominant cause of bacterial conjunctivitis in adults living in warmer climates?
Arlt's lines and Herbert's pits are associated with which ocular condition?
Arlt's lines and Herbert's pits are associated with which ocular condition?
Acute conjunctivitis is typically characterized by what type of discharge?
Acute conjunctivitis is typically characterized by what type of discharge?
Which treatment is generally recommended for recurrent corneal erosion?
Which treatment is generally recommended for recurrent corneal erosion?
What is the most common isolate causing acute conjunctivitis in adults under normal circumstances?
What is the most common isolate causing acute conjunctivitis in adults under normal circumstances?
What are Tranta's dots and in which condition are they typically observed?
What are Tranta's dots and in which condition are they typically observed?
Which condition is associated with the rule of 8s regarding serotype and presentation timing?
Which condition is associated with the rule of 8s regarding serotype and presentation timing?
Which treatment modality is contentious for use in patients with Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis?
Which treatment modality is contentious for use in patients with Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis?
Which ocular condition typically shows symptoms first occurring before the age of 14 and may last several years?
Which ocular condition typically shows symptoms first occurring before the age of 14 and may last several years?
Which of the following can cause severe corneal scarring and potentially lead to blindness if untreated?
Which of the following can cause severe corneal scarring and potentially lead to blindness if untreated?
What is the recommended treatment for acute trachoma?
What is the recommended treatment for acute trachoma?
In terms of demographic preference, for whom is the incidence of VKC more prevalent?
In terms of demographic preference, for whom is the incidence of VKC more prevalent?
Endophthalmitis is a possible complication of which untreated ocular condition?
Endophthalmitis is a possible complication of which untreated ocular condition?
What is the condition called when there is a decrease in corneal sensitivity?
What is the condition called when there is a decrease in corneal sensitivity?
Which refractive surgery procedure completely removes the corneal epithelium before ablation?
Which refractive surgery procedure completely removes the corneal epithelium before ablation?
Which layer of the cornea is most susceptible to thinning in patients with keratoconus?
Which layer of the cornea is most susceptible to thinning in patients with keratoconus?
During hypoxic conditions, which layer of the cornea is the first to become edematous?
During hypoxic conditions, which layer of the cornea is the first to become edematous?
The most common complication associated with a LASIK enhancement is which of the following?
The most common complication associated with a LASIK enhancement is which of the following?
Patients with vernal keratoconjunctivitis are more susceptible to which corneal disease?
Patients with vernal keratoconjunctivitis are more susceptible to which corneal disease?
What condition is characterized by excessive levels of carbon dioxide in the blood?
What condition is characterized by excessive levels of carbon dioxide in the blood?
In which refractive surgery technique is a flap of corneal tissue created?
In which refractive surgery technique is a flap of corneal tissue created?
What type of changes are typically observed in the cornea of a patient with keratoconus?
What type of changes are typically observed in the cornea of a patient with keratoconus?
What is the rate of nerve regeneration after corneal surgical injury?
What is the rate of nerve regeneration after corneal surgical injury?
Which condition leads to the cornea becoming cloudy and losing transparency?
Which condition leads to the cornea becoming cloudy and losing transparency?
Which part of the cornea is most affected by acute corneal hydrops?
Which part of the cornea is most affected by acute corneal hydrops?
Which type of keratoplasty uses laser burns to induce stromal shrinkage?
Which type of keratoplasty uses laser burns to induce stromal shrinkage?
What is a common treatment needed if significant epithelial ingrowth occurs after LASIK?
What is a common treatment needed if significant epithelial ingrowth occurs after LASIK?
In patients with vernal keratoconjunctivitis, which phenomenon is heightened due to their condition?
In patients with vernal keratoconjunctivitis, which phenomenon is heightened due to their condition?
Which statement accurately describes Vogt's striae in keratoconus?
Which statement accurately describes Vogt's striae in keratoconus?
What is the correct method to measure keratometry values when a patient's curvature is extremely flat?
What is the correct method to measure keratometry values when a patient's curvature is extremely flat?
Which statement about pellucid marginal degeneration (PMD) is FALSE?
Which statement about pellucid marginal degeneration (PMD) is FALSE?
Which condition does NOT typically warrant the use of a bandage contact lens?
Which condition does NOT typically warrant the use of a bandage contact lens?
Which type of conjunctival response is most associated with viral infections?
Which type of conjunctival response is most associated with viral infections?
What best describes hypoesthesia in the context of corneal sensitivity?
What best describes hypoesthesia in the context of corneal sensitivity?
What is a significant characteristic of conjunctival follicles?
What is a significant characteristic of conjunctival follicles?
Which surgical option is most appropriate for a patient with a refractive error of -16.00 D?
Which surgical option is most appropriate for a patient with a refractive error of -16.00 D?
Which of the following trial lenses is typically preferred for measuring steep keratometry readings?
Which of the following trial lenses is typically preferred for measuring steep keratometry readings?
What complication is a risk with implantable collamer lens surgery?
What complication is a risk with implantable collamer lens surgery?
In PMD, what characteristic is NOT typically seen in topography?
In PMD, what characteristic is NOT typically seen in topography?
What is a common clinical feature of gonococcal keratoconjunctivitis?
What is a common clinical feature of gonococcal keratoconjunctivitis?
Which option correctly identifies the location of Vogt's striae?
Which option correctly identifies the location of Vogt's striae?
What adjustment should be made when utilizing a -1.00 lens in keratometry?
What adjustment should be made when utilizing a -1.00 lens in keratometry?
What type of reaction can conjunctival papillae indicate?
What type of reaction can conjunctival papillae indicate?
What type of astigmatism is predominantly associated with PMD?
What type of astigmatism is predominantly associated with PMD?
What characteristic distinguishes eyelid tenderness in gonococcal infections?
What characteristic distinguishes eyelid tenderness in gonococcal infections?
Which of the following symptoms would NOT be expected in acute hydrops associated with PMD?
Which of the following symptoms would NOT be expected in acute hydrops associated with PMD?
Which statement about Neisseria gonorrhoeae is FALSE?
Which statement about Neisseria gonorrhoeae is FALSE?
What is a common size for micropapillae?
What is a common size for micropapillae?
Which procedure should be performed to assess corneal sensation after LASIK?
Which procedure should be performed to assess corneal sensation after LASIK?
What is a common characteristic of keratoconus regarding corneal structure?
What is a common characteristic of keratoconus regarding corneal structure?
Which type of surgery alters corneal curvature without excising the natural lens?
Which type of surgery alters corneal curvature without excising the natural lens?
Which of the following procedures is NOT ideal for patients with high myopia?
Which of the following procedures is NOT ideal for patients with high myopia?
Which condition allows for Vogt's striae to be observed aside from keratoconus?
Which condition allows for Vogt's striae to be observed aside from keratoconus?
What is the primary difference between conjunctival papillae and follicles?
What is the primary difference between conjunctival papillae and follicles?
Which characteristic is typical for both viral and chlamydial conjunctivitis?
Which characteristic is typical for both viral and chlamydial conjunctivitis?
In which condition is lymphadenopathy usually prominent?
In which condition is lymphadenopathy usually prominent?
Which of the following conditions can result in hyperfluorescence during fluorescein angiography due to pooling of fluorescein secondary to breakdown of the outer blood-retinal barrier?
Which of the following conditions can result in hyperfluorescence during fluorescein angiography due to pooling of fluorescein secondary to breakdown of the outer blood-retinal barrier?
In a patient with a history of chloroquine use for rheumatoid arthritis, what is the significance of an Arden ratio below 1.80 during an electrooculogram?
In a patient with a history of chloroquine use for rheumatoid arthritis, what is the significance of an Arden ratio below 1.80 during an electrooculogram?
What is the estimated percentage of patients with a macular hole in one eye who develop a macular hole in the fellow eye?
What is the estimated percentage of patients with a macular hole in one eye who develop a macular hole in the fellow eye?
What term BEST describes the diagnosis of a right eye with vitreomacular traction observed on OCT, in a patient with a macular hole in the left eye?
What term BEST describes the diagnosis of a right eye with vitreomacular traction observed on OCT, in a patient with a macular hole in the left eye?
In addition to its use in acute angle closure, oral acetazolamide can also be utilized in patients with which of the following ocular conditions?
In addition to its use in acute angle closure, oral acetazolamide can also be utilized in patients with which of the following ocular conditions?
Which of the following is the standard treatment protocol for central serous retinopathy?
Which of the following is the standard treatment protocol for central serous retinopathy?
Hypofluorescent regions on fluorescein angiography can be caused by which of the following?
Hypofluorescent regions on fluorescein angiography can be caused by which of the following?
What is the Arden ratio calculated from?
What is the Arden ratio calculated from?
Which of the following is NOT a common finding in a patient with a central serous retinopathy?
Which of the following is NOT a common finding in a patient with a central serous retinopathy?
Which of the following conditions is characterized by an absence or atrophy of the RPE?
Which of the following conditions is characterized by an absence or atrophy of the RPE?
What is the most common age group affected by macular hole?
What is the most common age group affected by macular hole?
Which of the following conditions can lead to increased density of the RPE, potentially resulting in hypofluorescence during fluorescein angiography?
Which of the following conditions can lead to increased density of the RPE, potentially resulting in hypofluorescence during fluorescein angiography?
What is the primary mechanism by which oral acetazolamide reduces intraocular pressure?
What is the primary mechanism by which oral acetazolamide reduces intraocular pressure?
Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of hyperfluorescence during fluorescein angiography?
Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of hyperfluorescence during fluorescein angiography?
Which of the following is a common characteristic of a patient with a macular hole?
Which of the following is a common characteristic of a patient with a macular hole?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the characteristics of an iris-fixed intraocular lens implant?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the characteristics of an iris-fixed intraocular lens implant?
What is the primary reason why dilation is contraindicated in patients with iris-fixed intraocular lenses?
What is the primary reason why dilation is contraindicated in patients with iris-fixed intraocular lenses?
A patient presents with a completely opaque lens and a shrunken, wrinkled anterior capsule. What type of cataract is MOST likely present?
A patient presents with a completely opaque lens and a shrunken, wrinkled anterior capsule. What type of cataract is MOST likely present?
Which two measurements are MOST crucial for determining the intraocular lens power needed for cataract surgery?
Which two measurements are MOST crucial for determining the intraocular lens power needed for cataract surgery?
What mechanism does the crystalline lens employ to minimize spherical aberrations?
What mechanism does the crystalline lens employ to minimize spherical aberrations?
In which order do the structures of the crystalline lens develop embryologically?
In which order do the structures of the crystalline lens develop embryologically?
Which of the following features is NOT typically associated with a hypermature cataract?
Which of the following features is NOT typically associated with a hypermature cataract?
What is the primary reason for the shrunken and wrinkled anterior capsule in a hypermature cataract?
What is the primary reason for the shrunken and wrinkled anterior capsule in a hypermature cataract?
What specifically causes the nuclear sinking observed in a Morgagnian cataract?
What specifically causes the nuclear sinking observed in a Morgagnian cataract?
Which of the following is NOT a typical measurement made in calculating intraocular lens power?
Which of the following is NOT a typical measurement made in calculating intraocular lens power?
Which of the following statements accurately reflects the relationship between spherical aberrations and the crystalline lens?
Which of the following statements accurately reflects the relationship between spherical aberrations and the crystalline lens?
Why is the lens capsule important in the development and function of the crystalline lens?
Why is the lens capsule important in the development and function of the crystalline lens?
What is the primary function of the lens epithelium in the crystalline lens?
What is the primary function of the lens epithelium in the crystalline lens?
Age-related cortical cataracts are MOST commonly initially found in which quadrant of the crystalline lens?
Age-related cortical cataracts are MOST commonly initially found in which quadrant of the crystalline lens?
A patient presents with a significant cataract affecting the central portion of the lens, causing significant visual blurring, especially in bright light. What type of cataract is MOST likely present?
A patient presents with a significant cataract affecting the central portion of the lens, causing significant visual blurring, especially in bright light. What type of cataract is MOST likely present?
What is the main difference between a mature and a hypermature cataract?
What is the main difference between a mature and a hypermature cataract?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the location of the ora serrata?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the location of the ora serrata?
What is the primary function of the dentate processes?
What is the primary function of the dentate processes?
Which of the following features is NOT characteristic of oral bays?
Which of the following features is NOT characteristic of oral bays?
What is the name of the layer in the macula that corresponds to the outer plexiform layer in the rest of the retina?
What is the name of the layer in the macula that corresponds to the outer plexiform layer in the rest of the retina?
Which of the following electroretinograms (ERGs) is specifically designed for the evaluation of ganglion cells in the central retina?
Which of the following electroretinograms (ERGs) is specifically designed for the evaluation of ganglion cells in the central retina?
Which electrodiagnostic test is primarily used to assess the function of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)?
Which electrodiagnostic test is primarily used to assess the function of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)?
Which colored filter enhances visualization of the retinal nerve fiber layer during fundus examination?
Which colored filter enhances visualization of the retinal nerve fiber layer during fundus examination?
Which of the following retinal findings is NOT considered a characteristic of severe non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR)?
Which of the following retinal findings is NOT considered a characteristic of severe non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR)?
Which of these layers of the retina is NOT pushed aside at the foveola?
Which of these layers of the retina is NOT pushed aside at the foveola?
What is the primary function of the internal limiting membrane?
What is the primary function of the internal limiting membrane?
Which layer of the retina is comprised of the axons of cone photoreceptors in the macula?
Which layer of the retina is comprised of the axons of cone photoreceptors in the macula?
Which of the following statements concerning the fovea is TRUE?
Which of the following statements concerning the fovea is TRUE?
What is the primary difference between the fovea and the foveola?
What is the primary difference between the fovea and the foveola?
What is the most common function of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)?
What is the most common function of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)?
Which type of retinal microvascular abnormality is most often associated with severe non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy?
Which type of retinal microvascular abnormality is most often associated with severe non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the ora serrata?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the ora serrata?
Flashcards
Cerulean Cataract
Cerulean Cataract
A congenital cataract that appears as blue dots in the lens and rarely affects vision.
Mittendorf's Dot
Mittendorf's Dot
A small remnant of the hyaloid system found on the posterior lens surface.
Persistent Pupillary Membrane
Persistent Pupillary Membrane
Web-like strands attached to the iris, resulting from failed atrophy of the pupillary membrane.
Lamellar Cataract
Lamellar Cataract
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Posterior Chamber Intraocular Lens Implant (PCIOL)
Posterior Chamber Intraocular Lens Implant (PCIOL)
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Anterior Chamber Lens Implant
Anterior Chamber Lens Implant
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Iris-Fixated Lens Implant
Iris-Fixated Lens Implant
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Cataract-Inducing Events
Cataract-Inducing Events
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Iris-Fixed Lenses
Iris-Fixed Lenses
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Hypermature Cataract
Hypermature Cataract
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Morgagnian Cataract
Morgagnian Cataract
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Mature Cataract
Mature Cataract
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Immature Cataract
Immature Cataract
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Key Measurements for IOL Power
Key Measurements for IOL Power
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Corneal Keratometry
Corneal Keratometry
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Spherical Aberration
Spherical Aberration
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Crystalline Lens Index of Refraction
Crystalline Lens Index of Refraction
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Embryological Development of Crystalline Lens
Embryological Development of Crystalline Lens
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Lens Plate (Placode)
Lens Plate (Placode)
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Lens Vesicle
Lens Vesicle
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Age-Related Cortical Cataracts
Age-Related Cortical Cataracts
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Anterior Capsule of Cataract
Anterior Capsule of Cataract
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Swelling of the crystalline lens
Swelling of the crystalline lens
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Diabetes and lens changes
Diabetes and lens changes
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Posterior subcapsular cataracts
Posterior subcapsular cataracts
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Brunescence
Brunescence
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Ciliary muscle contraction
Ciliary muscle contraction
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Dioptric power increase
Dioptric power increase
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Cortical cataracts
Cortical cataracts
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Nuclear sclerotic cataracts
Nuclear sclerotic cataracts
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Effects of bright light on cataracts
Effects of bright light on cataracts
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Osmotic imbalance in the lens
Osmotic imbalance in the lens
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Cataract progression indicators
Cataract progression indicators
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Visual acuity decrease
Visual acuity decrease
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Vision changes with glycemic fluctuations
Vision changes with glycemic fluctuations
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Plaque-like cataract appearance
Plaque-like cataract appearance
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Impact of corticosteroids on vision
Impact of corticosteroids on vision
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Fovea Structure
Fovea Structure
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Avascular Fovea
Avascular Fovea
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Ora Serrata
Ora Serrata
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Oral Bays
Oral Bays
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Dentate Processes
Dentate Processes
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Henle's Fiber Layer
Henle's Fiber Layer
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pERG Function
pERG Function
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VEP Purpose
VEP Purpose
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ffERG Overview
ffERG Overview
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EOG Functionality
EOG Functionality
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Subtle Retinal Defects
Subtle Retinal Defects
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Non-Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (NPDR)
Non-Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (NPDR)
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Fluorescein Angiography
Fluorescein Angiography
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Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE)
Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE)
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Ganglion Cells
Ganglion Cells
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Inferior-nasal quadrant
Inferior-nasal quadrant
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Purkinje images
Purkinje images
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Inverted Purkinje image
Inverted Purkinje image
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Secondary cataract
Secondary cataract
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Chronic anterior uveitis
Chronic anterior uveitis
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Accommodation changes
Accommodation changes
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Christmas tree cataracts
Christmas tree cataracts
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Congenital cataracts
Congenital cataracts
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Most common cause of congenital cataracts
Most common cause of congenital cataracts
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Astigmatism shift from cataracts
Astigmatism shift from cataracts
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Diabetes-related ocular changes
Diabetes-related ocular changes
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Glaukomflecken
Glaukomflecken
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Myopia association with cataracts
Myopia association with cataracts
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Posterior capsular rupture risk
Posterior capsular rupture risk
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Ectopia lentis in homocystinuria
Ectopia lentis in homocystinuria
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Ciliary muscle changes with age
Ciliary muscle changes with age
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Berger's space
Berger's space
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Common complication post-cataract surgery
Common complication post-cataract surgery
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Elschnig pearls
Elschnig pearls
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Pseudoexfoliation syndrome
Pseudoexfoliation syndrome
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Cataract and glaucoma relationship
Cataract and glaucoma relationship
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Retinal layers at foveola
Retinal layers at foveola
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Posterior subcapsular cataract characteristics
Posterior subcapsular cataract characteristics
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Capsular tension ring
Capsular tension ring
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Anterior chamber depth changes
Anterior chamber depth changes
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Iridodonesis
Iridodonesis
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Retinal Detachment Risk Factors
Retinal Detachment Risk Factors
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Myopia
Myopia
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Aphakia
Aphakia
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Ocular Trauma
Ocular Trauma
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Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)
Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)
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Rod Photoreceptors
Rod Photoreceptors
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Area of Martegiani
Area of Martegiani
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Drusenoid Pigment Epithelial Detachment
Drusenoid Pigment Epithelial Detachment
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Muller Cells
Muller Cells
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Peak Rod Density
Peak Rod Density
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cGMP
cGMP
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Phototransduction
Phototransduction
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Choroidal Neovascular Membrane (CNVM)
Choroidal Neovascular Membrane (CNVM)
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Exudates
Exudates
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Hyperpolarization
Hyperpolarization
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Posterior Vitreous Detachment
Posterior Vitreous Detachment
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Weakest Vitreous Attachment
Weakest Vitreous Attachment
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Flame Hemorrhages
Flame Hemorrhages
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Graded Potential
Graded Potential
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White Dot Syndromes
White Dot Syndromes
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Risk Factors for Macular Degeneration
Risk Factors for Macular Degeneration
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Malignant Hypertension
Malignant Hypertension
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Ocular Conditions with Emboli
Ocular Conditions with Emboli
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Nerve Fiber Layer
Nerve Fiber Layer
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Bipolar Cells
Bipolar Cells
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Photoreceptor Cells
Photoreceptor Cells
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Vitreous Base
Vitreous Base
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Cotton Wool Spots
Cotton Wool Spots
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Pseudoxanthoma elasticum
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum
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Gronblad-Strandberg syndrome
Gronblad-Strandberg syndrome
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Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
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Paget's disease
Paget's disease
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Angioid streaks
Angioid streaks
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Tamoxifen ocular toxicity
Tamoxifen ocular toxicity
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Macular OCT
Macular OCT
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Retinitis pigmentosa (RP)
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP)
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Waxy optic disc pallor
Waxy optic disc pallor
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Posterior vitreous detachment (PVD)
Posterior vitreous detachment (PVD)
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Common PVD complication
Common PVD complication
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Retinal detachment
Retinal detachment
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Optic disc changes in RP
Optic disc changes in RP
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Corneal topography
Corneal topography
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10-2 threshold visual field
10-2 threshold visual field
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Conjunctival Papillae
Conjunctival Papillae
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Central Fibrovascular Core
Central Fibrovascular Core
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Conjunctival Follicles
Conjunctival Follicles
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Follicular Response
Follicular Response
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Micropapillae
Micropapillae
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Refractive Lens Exchange (RLE)
Refractive Lens Exchange (RLE)
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Implantable Collamer Lens (ICL)
Implantable Collamer Lens (ICL)
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Conductive Keratoplasty (CK)
Conductive Keratoplasty (CK)
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Photo-refractive Keratectomy (PRK)
Photo-refractive Keratectomy (PRK)
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Gonococcal Keratoconjunctivitis
Gonococcal Keratoconjunctivitis
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae Characteristics
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Characteristics
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Pseudomembrane Formation
Pseudomembrane Formation
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Lymphadenopathy in Gonococcal Infections
Lymphadenopathy in Gonococcal Infections
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Viral Conjunctivitis Symptoms
Viral Conjunctivitis Symptoms
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Bacterial Conjunctivitis Symptoms
Bacterial Conjunctivitis Symptoms
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Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment
Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment
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Lattice retinal degeneration
Lattice retinal degeneration
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Tractional retinal detachment
Tractional retinal detachment
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Exudative retinal detachment
Exudative retinal detachment
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Photoreceptor structure in cones
Photoreceptor structure in cones
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Full thickness macular hole
Full thickness macular hole
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Central serous retinopathy (CSR)
Central serous retinopathy (CSR)
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Vitamin A and blindness
Vitamin A and blindness
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Vitamin E interference
Vitamin E interference
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Phenomenon of metamorphopsia
Phenomenon of metamorphopsia
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Proliferative diabetic retinopathy
Proliferative diabetic retinopathy
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Diabetic retinopathy
Diabetic retinopathy
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Acute Bacterial Conjunctivitis Causes
Acute Bacterial Conjunctivitis Causes
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Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
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Hyperacute Conjunctivitis Cause
Hyperacute Conjunctivitis Cause
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Chronic Conjunctivitis Cause
Chronic Conjunctivitis Cause
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Type I Hypersensitivity
Type I Hypersensitivity
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Type IV Hypersensitivity
Type IV Hypersensitivity
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Against-the-rule Astigmatism
Against-the-rule Astigmatism
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Gram-Positive Bacteria Staining
Gram-Positive Bacteria Staining
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Vogt's Striae
Vogt's Striae
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Keratoconus
Keratoconus
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Manual Keratometry
Manual Keratometry
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Trial Lens Adjustment
Trial Lens Adjustment
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Pellucid Marginal Degeneration (PMD)
Pellucid Marginal Degeneration (PMD)
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Bandage Contact Lens
Bandage Contact Lens
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Corneal Abrasion
Corneal Abrasion
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Hypoesthesia
Hypoesthesia
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Corneal Ulcer
Corneal Ulcer
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External Pressure Effects
External Pressure Effects
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Corneal Sensitivity
Corneal Sensitivity
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Acute Hydrops
Acute Hydrops
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Hysteresis in Cornea
Hysteresis in Cornea
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Recurrent Corneal Erosion
Recurrent Corneal Erosion
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Herpes Simplex Keratitis
Herpes Simplex Keratitis
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Gonorrhoeae invasion
Gonorrhoeae invasion
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Corneal perforation
Corneal perforation
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Gram-negative organism
Gram-negative organism
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Bacterial conjunctivitis in adults
Bacterial conjunctivitis in adults
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Acute conjunctivitis symptoms
Acute conjunctivitis symptoms
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Streptococcus pneumonia
Streptococcus pneumonia
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Trachoma
Trachoma
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Arlt's lines
Arlt's lines
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Herbert's pits
Herbert's pits
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Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC)
Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC)
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Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC)
Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC)
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Treatment for trachoma
Treatment for trachoma
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Topical antibiotic
Topical antibiotic
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Congenital Hypertrophy of the RPE
Congenital Hypertrophy of the RPE
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Intraretinal Hemorrhage
Intraretinal Hemorrhage
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Lipofuscin
Lipofuscin
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Hard Exudates
Hard Exudates
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Choroidal Nevus
Choroidal Nevus
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Pigment Epithelial Detachment (PED)
Pigment Epithelial Detachment (PED)
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Hyperfluorescence
Hyperfluorescence
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Hypofluorescent Regions
Hypofluorescent Regions
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Electrooculogram (EOG)
Electrooculogram (EOG)
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Arden Ratio
Arden Ratio
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Idiopathic Macular Hole
Idiopathic Macular Hole
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Vitreomacular Traction
Vitreomacular Traction
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Acetazolamide
Acetazolamide
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Monitoring CSR
Monitoring CSR
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Foveola
Foveola
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Fovea Centralis
Fovea Centralis
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Parafoveal Area
Parafoveal Area
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Perifoveal Area
Perifoveal Area
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Birefringence
Birefringence
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Scanning Laser Polarimetry
Scanning Laser Polarimetry
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Retinal Blood Vessels
Retinal Blood Vessels
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Choroidal Vessels
Choroidal Vessels
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Stage 1 Macular Hole
Stage 1 Macular Hole
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Foveal Avascular Zone
Foveal Avascular Zone
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Syneresis
Syneresis
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Hyperalgesia
Hyperalgesia
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Hypoxia
Hypoxia
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Hypercapnia
Hypercapnia
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LASIK
LASIK
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PRK
PRK
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Epithelial Ingrowth
Epithelial Ingrowth
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Acute Corneal Hydrops
Acute Corneal Hydrops
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Osmotic Swelling
Osmotic Swelling
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Tear Film
Tear Film
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Diffuse Lamellar Keratitis
Diffuse Lamellar Keratitis
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Glycolysis in Hypoxia
Glycolysis in Hypoxia
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Tissue Transparency Loss
Tissue Transparency Loss
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Interstitial Keratitis
Interstitial Keratitis
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Ligneous Conjunctivitis
Ligneous Conjunctivitis
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Phototherapeutic Keratectomy (PTK)
Phototherapeutic Keratectomy (PTK)
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Lattice Dystrophy
Lattice Dystrophy
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Granular Dystrophy
Granular Dystrophy
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Macular Dystrophy
Macular Dystrophy
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Corneal Transplant Types
Corneal Transplant Types
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Deep Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty
Deep Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty
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Amyloid Deposition
Amyloid Deposition
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Fleck Dystrophy
Fleck Dystrophy
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Plasminogen Deficiency
Plasminogen Deficiency
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Keratoplasty Definitions
Keratoplasty Definitions
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Study Notes
Common Congenital Cataracts
- Cerulean cataract (blue dot cataract): A common congenital cataract, appearing as blue dots of varying shapes and sizes dispersed throughout the crystalline lens. It rarely affects vision.
Intraocular Lens Implants
- Posterior chamber intraocular lens implant (PCIOL): The most common type of intraocular lens implant used in cataract surgery. It's placed in front of the posterior capsule, ideally intact, to provide natural vision and lower complications compared to other options.
Age-Related Cataracts
- Morgagnian cataract: A hypermature cataract with significant liquefaction, causing the lens nucleus to sink inferiorly.
- Hypermature cataract: A fully opaque cataract with significant wrinkling and shrinking of the anterior capsule.
Intraocular Lens Implant Calculations
- Keratometry: Measures corneal curvature.
- Axial length: The anteroposterior dimension of the eye.
Spherical Aberrations in the Crystalline Lens
- Index of refraction variation: The crystalline lens's index of refraction is lower at the edge than the center, offsetting spherical aberration.
Crystalline Lens Embryological Development
- Lens plate → lens pit → lens vesicle → embryonic lens nucleus → lens capsule
Age-Related Cortical Cataracts
- Inferior-nasal quadrant: The most common initial location of age-related cortical cataracts.
Purkinje Images
- Fourth Purkinje image: Inverted.
Secondary Cataract Etiology
- Chronic anterior uveitis: The most common cause of secondary cataract formation, due to long-standing intraocular inflammation and potential corticosteroid use.
Accommodation
- Ciliary muscle contraction: Decreases tension on zonules, allowing lens to become more spherical and increase dioptric power.
Christmas Tree Cataracts
- Myotonic dystrophy: Associated with this type of granular crystalline lens opacity.
Congenital Cataract Etiology
- Genetic mutation: The most common cause of congenital cataracts.
Cataract-Induced Astigmatism
- Against-the-rule astigmatism: A refractive shift towards this type of astigmatism occurs during cataract progression, due to lens steepening in the horizontal meridian.
Diabetic Ocular Changes
- Crystalline lens refractive index changes: Fluctuations in blood glucose levels cause changes in the lens's refractive index.
Posterior Subcapsular Cataracts
- Granular appearance on retroillumination due to the migration of epithelial cells causing a posterior cell cluster..
Nuclear Sclerotic Cataracts
- Brunescence: A yellowing or browning of the crystalline lens nucleus.
Photoreceptor Density in Retina
- Foveola → Fovea → Parafoveal area → Perifoveal area: The correct order of retinal structures from most central to most peripheral.
- Rod photoreceptor peak density: Approximately 4.5 mm from the foveal pit.
Retinal Structures and Function
- Photoreceptor cells, bipolar cells, and horizontal cells use graded potentials for signaling, while amacrine and ganglion cells use action potentials.
Posterior Vitreous Detachment
- High myopia, diabetes, and previous ocular surgery are risk factors for posterior vitreous detachment.
Age-Related Macular Degeneration
- The most common cause of irreversible vision loss in the US for those over 50.
Retinal Structures and Function
- Photoreceptor cells and other retinal cells utilize graded potentials for signaling.
- Melanin-containing RPE cells contribute to the dark appearance of the fovea during fluorescein angiography.
- Rod photoreceptors are most dense approximately 4.5mm from the foveal pit.
Vitreous Structures and Function
- Area of Martegiani, also known as Erggelet's space: The funnel-shaped region anterior to the optic disc, representing the posterior termination of Cloquet's canal.
Retinal Detachment
- Myopia, aphakia, and ocular trauma represent the most common risk factors involved.
Electrodiagnostic Tests for Retina
- Different electrodiagnostic tests target varying retinal cell types (e.g., mfERG for ganglion cells).
Ocular Examination Using Filters
- Green (red-free) filters: Enhance visualization of the retinal nerve fiber layer.
Diabetic Retinopathy
- Cotton wool spots are characteristic of diabetic retinopathy but not part of the severity classification of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy.
Fluorescein Angiography
- Pigment epithelial detachment is a condition that shows up in hyperfluorescence during fluorescein angiography
Retinal Disease and Electrooculogram
- Arden ratio (light peak / dark trough): A measure of RPE function during an electrooculogram (EOG).
Macular Hole Etiology
- 10-20% incidence of developing macular holes in fellow eye
Acute Angle Closure and Macular Edema
- Acetazolamide treatment for macular edema.
Central Serous Retinopathy
- Monthly monitoring is the standard treatment protocol.
Retinal Structures and Function
- Order of retinal structures from central to peripheral: foveola→ fovea → perifoveal area → parafoveal area.
- Foveola is the core of the central retina where cone density is the greatest, followed by fovea, paravovea and perifoveal area .
Retinal Vascularity
- Choroidal vessels have lower resistance and higher flow rates (greater blood flow) compared to retinal vessels.
Retinal Conditions and Laser Technologies
- Scanning laser polarimetry measures retinal nerve fiber layer thickness based on its birefringence properties.
Retinoscopy in Cataract Patients
- Posterior subcapsular cataracts are best viewed with an obliquely oriented parallel-piped light beam rather than retroillumination.
Ocular Conditions and Systemic Diseases
- Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) is commonly associated with angioid streaks, in which connective tissues containing elastin are significantly affected.
Refractive Surgery and Tamoxifen Use
- Tamoxifen use may cause macular changes seen with SD-OCT evaluations.
Retinitis Pigmentosa
- Optic disc pallor is a common associated finding.
Posterior Vitreous Detachment Complication
- Perception of a floater is a common but typically non-serious complication.
Conjunctivitis in Adults
- Haemophilus influenzae is the most common cause of bacterial conjunctivitis in adults in warmer climates.
Corneal Conditions and Abnormalities
- Interstitial keratitis: Inflammation solely in the corneal stroma.
- Ligneous conjunctivitis: Associated with a deficiency of plasminogen.
- Pellucid marginal degeneration (PMD): Characterized by a narrow band of inferior corneal thinning.
- Vogt's Striae: Fine, vertical lines in the corneal stroma, commonly found in keratoconus.
Recurrent Corneal Erosions and Refractive Surgery
- Phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK) can be an appropriate surgical treatment in recurrent corneal erosion cases and patients who wish to undergo refractive surgery.
Corneal Dystrophies
- Lattice dystrophy: Amyloid deposition.
- Granular, macular, and fleck dystrophies have different deposition types and clinical features impacting vision .
Corneal Surgical Procedures
- Lamellar keratoplasty: Partial thickness cornea transplant .
Keratometry and LASIK Enhancements
- Adjustments to keratometry readings may be needed if the corneal curvature is outside the normal range following LASIK enhancement (due to flatter or steeper curvature).
Ocular Conditions and Risk Factors
- Vernal keratoconjunctivitis: Linked to keratoconus through the pathway of atopic disease risk.
Bacterial Conjunctivitis in Children
- Haemophilus influenzae is the most common cause of bacterial conjunctivitis in children.
Hypersensitivity Reactions
- Allergic conjunctivitis: A type I hypersensitivity reaction.
Corneal Conditions and Examination
- Against-the-rule astigmatism and steepness in a horizontal meridian.
Corneal Hypoesthesia
- Decrease in corneal sensitivity to noxious stimuli
Corneal Layers and Procedures
- Stroma is the most susceptible layer to thinning in keratoconus
- Epithelium is the first to swell in hypoxic conditions.
LASIK Enhancement Complications
- Diffuse lamellar keratitis and epithelial ingrowth represent the most common complications
Ocular Conditions and Systemic Diseases
- Specific conditions like Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) are associated with certain ocular findings like angioid streaks.
Ocular Conditions and Risk Factors
- Conditions like myopia, aphakia, previous ocular surgery, and ocular trauma are higher risk factors for retinal detachments in adults , due to risk of retinal tears or dialysis that may develop .
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