Caste and Village Society: Dominant Caste

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Questions and Answers

According to M.N. Srinivas's definition of a dominant caste, which condition is most crucial for a caste to be considered dominant?

  • Experiencing frequent political representation and bureaucratic participation.
  • Having a historical legacy of royal lineage and land ownership.
  • Being numerically greater and possessing significant economic and political influence. (correct)
  • Adhering strictly to traditional occupations and maintaining cultural distinction.

What is a key critique of the concept of 'dominant caste' as a tool for analyzing social dynamics in villages?

  • It overlooks the possibility of power being distributed across different castes rather than being concentrated in one. (correct)
  • It only applies to villages with a history of feudalism and land ownership.
  • It overemphasizes external political influences while ignoring internal social hierarchies.
  • It is exclusively relevant in regions where caste panchayats still hold formal authority.

According to Oliver Mendelsohn, which factor challenges the traditional view of dominant castes in India?

  • The weakening of the jajmani system, reducing economic interdependence between castes. (correct)
  • The rise of urbanization leading to a decrease in inter-caste relations.
  • The increasing influence of Western education, promoting individualism over caste identity.
  • The rise of digital technologies which led to a shift in focus among younger generations.

Which element signifies the dominance of a caste through the exercise of juridical authority?

<p>Capacity to resolve conflicts, deliver justice, and settle disputes within the community. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under what specific circumstances does M.N. Srinivas suggest a dominant caste might arbitrate disputes?

<p>When disputes arise between individuals from non-dominant castes or within the same non-dominant caste. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the abolition of Jagirdari in 1954 impact the Rajputs in Devisar, according to Anand Chakraverti's study?

<p>It redistributed land to other castes, diminishing the Rajputs' economic base. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Chakraverti, what was the key reason for the decline in Rajput power in Devisar?

<p>A combination of the broader political and ideological climate, along with problems in local leadership. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor primarily contributed to the loss of Rajput power in Devisar?

<p>Shifts in Congress party policies, weakening the hold of traditional elites and leading to the rise of other caste groups and new leadership. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the 1928 case involving a Brahmin widow and a Mahajan man in Devisar, what does the Rajput's involvement in the resolution suggest about their status?

<p>Rajputs held significant influence as the assistance of Rajput landholders was sought to resolve the issue. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the incident in 1924, involving an Ahir hitting a Rajput in Devisar, primarily signify?

<p>A challenge to the traditional social hierarchy where Rajputs were considered superior and any physical contact with lower castes was a grave offense. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the punishment of the Raegars in the 1954 dispute over illicit milking of goats demonstrate the prevailing social order?

<p>It illustrated how dominant castes often used symbolic acts of submission to assert authority and reinforce social hierarchies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the actions of the Ahirs and Reagars in cases 2 and 3 represent?

<p>A rejection of their traditional roles and a challenge to the authority of the Rajputs through resistance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Oliver Mendelsohn's analysis of Behror, what is a key finding regarding the long-standing dominance of the Ahirs?

<p>Though traditionally dominant, the Ahirs' power weakened, especially settling disputes for other castes due to economic and social changes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Mendelsohn, what undermined the Ahirs' traditional dominance in Behror during the 1970s?

<p>The absence of the Jajmani system meant other castes had grown independent due to economic opportunities and agricultural growth. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant impact did the Green Revolution have on Behror's village structure?

<p>It led to agricultural expansion, leading to economic independence for lower castes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way did migration patterns contribute to changing social dynamics in Behror?

<p>It eroded traditional caste-based occupations as lower castes migrated to cities and disrupted economic system. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has the pursuit of education impacted traditional village structures in Behror?

<p>It encouraged individualism over caste solidarity as people sought opportunities outside the village. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has the shift towards individualism and family-centeredness affected caste solidarity among the Ahirs in Behror?

<p>It has led to a decline in caste solidarity, reducing community meetings and collective decision-making. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the disappearance of the caste panchayat generally indicate about social changes in villages?

<p>Villages are experiencing an erosion of traditional social structures and caste solidarity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might increased wealth among lower caste communities impact traditional social hierarchies, according to a Bhangi tailor's perspective?

<p>It will gradually erode caste solidarity as economic independence allows individuals to prioritize personal prosperity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios best reflects the changing dynamics of dispute resolution in villages?

<p>Members of legislative assembly are often involved, marking a shift from traditional authority to formal governance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A village in Rajasthan has seen significant economic development due to tourism. Lower castes, traditionally involved in crafts, now earn more than the dominant land-owning caste. However, instances of honor killings have also increased. What does this suggest about the influence of economic change on traditional social structures?

<p>Economic change does not necessarily alter deeply entrenched social prejudices and can trigger resistance from dominant groups fearing loss of status. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a village in Uttar Pradesh, a new law grants equal property rights to women, regardless of caste. However, women from dominant castes face significant resistance from within their families when trying to claim these rights, while women from lower castes are actively supported by local NGOs. What can be inferred?

<p>The impact of legal reforms is mediated by existing power structures and can vary significantly across different social groups. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a stratified village community where one caste traditionally controlled access to water resources, a new government initiative provides every household with a private water connection. However, households from the traditionally dominant caste receive larger subsidies and better-quality connections. What socio-political concept does this best illustrate?

<p>The subtle ways in which existing power structures can undermine egalitarian policies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A village in Bihar witnesses the election of a Dalit woman as the head of the local Panchayat. Despite holding formal political power, she faces constant obstruction and non-cooperation from upper-caste members and is unable to implement any significant policies. This scenario best illustrates which challenge to social change?

<p>The limited impact of formal political power in transforming entrenched social hierarchies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Following a land redistribution program, a lower-caste community gains ownership of fertile agricultural land in a village dominated by a land-owning caste. However, the dominant caste uses its influence to deny the community access to irrigation canals and markets, effectively rendering the land useless. What concept is best exemplified?

<p>The limitations of land reform policies in empowering marginalized communities without addressing underlying power structures. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A village in Tamil Nadu has a history of caste-based discrimination in education. To address this, the government subsidizes private schools to reserve seats for students from lower castes. However, these schools often charge additional fees that lower-caste families cannot afford, or provide substandard education, perpetuating inequality. Which concept does this best represent?

<p>The unintended consequences of affirmative action policies when not carefully designed and implemented. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Flashcards

What is a dominant caste?

A caste with large numbers and significant economic and political influence.

What is the criticism of dominant caste?

The existence of class-based differences within a single caste.

What defines dominance?

The ability to exert legal authority and resolve disputes.

When castes settle disputes?

Cases are settled when both parties are from non-dominant castes or one non dominant caste.

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Why did the Rajput's lose power?

Land redistribution, shifts in Congress's influence, and the emergence of new leaders.

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Rajput status resolution?

In 1928, Rajputs were sought for a resolution.

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Challenge to Rajput authority?

Authority of the Rajputs to punish Ahirs and Raegars.

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Were Ahirs dominant in the 1970s?

In Behror, Ahirs did not possess any power.

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What factors changed the village structure?

Economic activity, castes not needing others for employment, expansion with green revolution

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What has replaced caste solidarity?

Individualism and family centeredness have replaced caste solidarity.

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Low caste panchayat importance?

the panchayat is still important. But a Bhangi tailor predicts that increased money will soon erode the solidarity of the community.

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Study Notes

Caste and Village Society

  • The concept of the dominant caste was first introduced by M.N. Srinivas in 1955.

Dominant Caste Definition and Considerations

  • It is defined as a caste that is numerically greater than other castes and holds significant economic and political power.
  • A large, powerful caste group is more likely to be dominant if it holds a position that is not considered too low in the local caste hierarchy.

Criticisms of Dominant Caste Ideology

  • Class differences can exist within a single caste.
  • In certain villages, power might be distributed across various castes, not just one dominant caste.

Oliver Mendelsohn's Perspective

  • Mendelsohn suggests that by the time M.N. Srinivas made this observation in the 1950s, the notion of a dominant caste was already disappearing.

Dominance Through Judicial Authority

  • Dominance can be determined by the capability to exercise juridical authority to administer justice or resolve disputes.

Dispensing Justice

  • Justice is administered by caste panchayats, the panchayat of the dominant caste, or official courts.
  • According to M.N. Srinivas a dominant caste settles disputes in three scenarios:
    • When both parties are from non-dominant castes
    • When both parties are from one (non-dominant) caste
  • It may come as a surprise to some, but caste panchayats have the power to settle disputes internal to their own caste.

Devisar, Jaipur District: Anand Chakraverti's Analysis

  • Anand Chakraverti conducted fieldwork in Devisar in 1964/65.
  • Chakraverti's study indicates that the Rajput phase in Devisar was in the past.
  • The Jagirdari abolition in 1954 led to the deprivation of much of the Rajputs land.
  • Land was redistributed in areas such as Jats, Kumavats and Ahirs.

Factors in Rajput Power Decline in Devisar

  • Chakraverti does not regard the loss of land by the Rajputs as the main reason for the destruction of their dominant status.
  • He emphasises the ideological and general political environment beyond the village with leadership factors.
  • Rajput power declined due to:
    • Land redistribution
    • The increasing influence of Congress affecting the local political landscape
    • The rise of other caste groups such as Jats gaining political and social power
    • The emergence of emerging leaders in the village

Historical Cases of Rajput Authority

  • In 1928, in a dispute involving a Brahmin widow and a Mahajan man for which the Rajput landholders assistance was used to bring resolution.
  • In 1924, a calf straying into a field led to an attack that created a fine be issued.
  • In 1954, a dispute over illicit milking, turned violent, with the Raegars being forced to bow and apologize.

The Judicial System

  • The Ahirs and Raegars punished because they returned blows or refused to do a polluting job which they had to do.
  • They challenged the Rajputs.

Behror: Oliver Mendelsohn's Analysis

  • Oliver Mendelsohn studied a village in Behror from the 1970s to the early 2000s.
  • Mendelsohn found that the dominant landholding caste in Behror were the Ahirs for centuries.
  • However, Mendelsohn also stated that it is complicated to visualize these patterns today.

Ahirs: Dominant Caste Status in the 1970s

  • Ahirs did not possess power in settling disputes for other castes.
  • They also lacked economic power.
  • The Jajmani system client patron system of exchange of goods and services is mostly absent

Factors Changing Village Structure

  • Villagers in Behror are now more engaged in external economic activity.
  • Many castes are not reliant on Ahirs for employment.
  • The Green Revolution enhanced agricultural and living conditions.
  • Bhangis have migrated to work and left traditional sweeping occupation

Migration Impact

  • Brahmins have sought other occupations in medicine and the military.
  • The Ahirs allow their sons to study outside the village.
  • Also, Ahirs are running trucking and bus lines, stone quarries.
  • Individualism and family centeredness have replaced caste solidarity.
  • The Ahirs don't meet as a community and don't hold any meetings.

Caste Panchayats Decline

  • Caste panchayats are disappearing.
  • Low caste communities still find the punchayat important.
  • Higher earnings can erode caste solidarity.
  • MLA can be involved now in dispute resolution.

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