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Questions and Answers
According to M.N. Srinivas's definition of a dominant caste, which condition is most crucial for a caste to be considered dominant?
According to M.N. Srinivas's definition of a dominant caste, which condition is most crucial for a caste to be considered dominant?
- Experiencing frequent political representation and bureaucratic participation.
- Having a historical legacy of royal lineage and land ownership.
- Being numerically greater and possessing significant economic and political influence. (correct)
- Adhering strictly to traditional occupations and maintaining cultural distinction.
What is a key critique of the concept of 'dominant caste' as a tool for analyzing social dynamics in villages?
What is a key critique of the concept of 'dominant caste' as a tool for analyzing social dynamics in villages?
- It overlooks the possibility of power being distributed across different castes rather than being concentrated in one. (correct)
- It only applies to villages with a history of feudalism and land ownership.
- It overemphasizes external political influences while ignoring internal social hierarchies.
- It is exclusively relevant in regions where caste panchayats still hold formal authority.
According to Oliver Mendelsohn, which factor challenges the traditional view of dominant castes in India?
According to Oliver Mendelsohn, which factor challenges the traditional view of dominant castes in India?
- The weakening of the jajmani system, reducing economic interdependence between castes. (correct)
- The rise of urbanization leading to a decrease in inter-caste relations.
- The increasing influence of Western education, promoting individualism over caste identity.
- The rise of digital technologies which led to a shift in focus among younger generations.
Which element signifies the dominance of a caste through the exercise of juridical authority?
Which element signifies the dominance of a caste through the exercise of juridical authority?
Under what specific circumstances does M.N. Srinivas suggest a dominant caste might arbitrate disputes?
Under what specific circumstances does M.N. Srinivas suggest a dominant caste might arbitrate disputes?
How did the abolition of Jagirdari in 1954 impact the Rajputs in Devisar, according to Anand Chakraverti's study?
How did the abolition of Jagirdari in 1954 impact the Rajputs in Devisar, according to Anand Chakraverti's study?
According to Chakraverti, what was the key reason for the decline in Rajput power in Devisar?
According to Chakraverti, what was the key reason for the decline in Rajput power in Devisar?
What factor primarily contributed to the loss of Rajput power in Devisar?
What factor primarily contributed to the loss of Rajput power in Devisar?
In the 1928 case involving a Brahmin widow and a Mahajan man in Devisar, what does the Rajput's involvement in the resolution suggest about their status?
In the 1928 case involving a Brahmin widow and a Mahajan man in Devisar, what does the Rajput's involvement in the resolution suggest about their status?
What did the incident in 1924, involving an Ahir hitting a Rajput in Devisar, primarily signify?
What did the incident in 1924, involving an Ahir hitting a Rajput in Devisar, primarily signify?
How did the punishment of the Raegars in the 1954 dispute over illicit milking of goats demonstrate the prevailing social order?
How did the punishment of the Raegars in the 1954 dispute over illicit milking of goats demonstrate the prevailing social order?
What did the actions of the Ahirs and Reagars in cases 2 and 3 represent?
What did the actions of the Ahirs and Reagars in cases 2 and 3 represent?
In Oliver Mendelsohn's analysis of Behror, what is a key finding regarding the long-standing dominance of the Ahirs?
In Oliver Mendelsohn's analysis of Behror, what is a key finding regarding the long-standing dominance of the Ahirs?
According to Mendelsohn, what undermined the Ahirs' traditional dominance in Behror during the 1970s?
According to Mendelsohn, what undermined the Ahirs' traditional dominance in Behror during the 1970s?
What significant impact did the Green Revolution have on Behror's village structure?
What significant impact did the Green Revolution have on Behror's village structure?
In what way did migration patterns contribute to changing social dynamics in Behror?
In what way did migration patterns contribute to changing social dynamics in Behror?
How has the pursuit of education impacted traditional village structures in Behror?
How has the pursuit of education impacted traditional village structures in Behror?
How has the shift towards individualism and family-centeredness affected caste solidarity among the Ahirs in Behror?
How has the shift towards individualism and family-centeredness affected caste solidarity among the Ahirs in Behror?
What does the disappearance of the caste panchayat generally indicate about social changes in villages?
What does the disappearance of the caste panchayat generally indicate about social changes in villages?
How might increased wealth among lower caste communities impact traditional social hierarchies, according to a Bhangi tailor's perspective?
How might increased wealth among lower caste communities impact traditional social hierarchies, according to a Bhangi tailor's perspective?
Which of the following scenarios best reflects the changing dynamics of dispute resolution in villages?
Which of the following scenarios best reflects the changing dynamics of dispute resolution in villages?
A village in Rajasthan has seen significant economic development due to tourism. Lower castes, traditionally involved in crafts, now earn more than the dominant land-owning caste. However, instances of honor killings have also increased. What does this suggest about the influence of economic change on traditional social structures?
A village in Rajasthan has seen significant economic development due to tourism. Lower castes, traditionally involved in crafts, now earn more than the dominant land-owning caste. However, instances of honor killings have also increased. What does this suggest about the influence of economic change on traditional social structures?
In a village in Uttar Pradesh, a new law grants equal property rights to women, regardless of caste. However, women from dominant castes face significant resistance from within their families when trying to claim these rights, while women from lower castes are actively supported by local NGOs. What can be inferred?
In a village in Uttar Pradesh, a new law grants equal property rights to women, regardless of caste. However, women from dominant castes face significant resistance from within their families when trying to claim these rights, while women from lower castes are actively supported by local NGOs. What can be inferred?
In a stratified village community where one caste traditionally controlled access to water resources, a new government initiative provides every household with a private water connection. However, households from the traditionally dominant caste receive larger subsidies and better-quality connections. What socio-political concept does this best illustrate?
In a stratified village community where one caste traditionally controlled access to water resources, a new government initiative provides every household with a private water connection. However, households from the traditionally dominant caste receive larger subsidies and better-quality connections. What socio-political concept does this best illustrate?
A village in Bihar witnesses the election of a Dalit woman as the head of the local Panchayat. Despite holding formal political power, she faces constant obstruction and non-cooperation from upper-caste members and is unable to implement any significant policies. This scenario best illustrates which challenge to social change?
A village in Bihar witnesses the election of a Dalit woman as the head of the local Panchayat. Despite holding formal political power, she faces constant obstruction and non-cooperation from upper-caste members and is unable to implement any significant policies. This scenario best illustrates which challenge to social change?
Following a land redistribution program, a lower-caste community gains ownership of fertile agricultural land in a village dominated by a land-owning caste. However, the dominant caste uses its influence to deny the community access to irrigation canals and markets, effectively rendering the land useless. What concept is best exemplified?
Following a land redistribution program, a lower-caste community gains ownership of fertile agricultural land in a village dominated by a land-owning caste. However, the dominant caste uses its influence to deny the community access to irrigation canals and markets, effectively rendering the land useless. What concept is best exemplified?
A village in Tamil Nadu has a history of caste-based discrimination in education. To address this, the government subsidizes private schools to reserve seats for students from lower castes. However, these schools often charge additional fees that lower-caste families cannot afford, or provide substandard education, perpetuating inequality. Which concept does this best represent?
A village in Tamil Nadu has a history of caste-based discrimination in education. To address this, the government subsidizes private schools to reserve seats for students from lower castes. However, these schools often charge additional fees that lower-caste families cannot afford, or provide substandard education, perpetuating inequality. Which concept does this best represent?
Flashcards
What is a dominant caste?
What is a dominant caste?
A caste with large numbers and significant economic and political influence.
What is the criticism of dominant caste?
What is the criticism of dominant caste?
The existence of class-based differences within a single caste.
What defines dominance?
What defines dominance?
The ability to exert legal authority and resolve disputes.
When castes settle disputes?
When castes settle disputes?
Cases are settled when both parties are from non-dominant castes or one non dominant caste.
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Why did the Rajput's lose power?
Why did the Rajput's lose power?
Land redistribution, shifts in Congress's influence, and the emergence of new leaders.
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Rajput status resolution?
Rajput status resolution?
In 1928, Rajputs were sought for a resolution.
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Challenge to Rajput authority?
Challenge to Rajput authority?
Authority of the Rajputs to punish Ahirs and Raegars.
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Were Ahirs dominant in the 1970s?
Were Ahirs dominant in the 1970s?
In Behror, Ahirs did not possess any power.
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What factors changed the village structure?
What factors changed the village structure?
Economic activity, castes not needing others for employment, expansion with green revolution
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What has replaced caste solidarity?
What has replaced caste solidarity?
Individualism and family centeredness have replaced caste solidarity.
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Low caste panchayat importance?
Low caste panchayat importance?
the panchayat is still important. But a Bhangi tailor predicts that increased money will soon erode the solidarity of the community.
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Caste and Village Society
- The concept of the dominant caste was first introduced by M.N. Srinivas in 1955.
Dominant Caste Definition and Considerations
- It is defined as a caste that is numerically greater than other castes and holds significant economic and political power.
- A large, powerful caste group is more likely to be dominant if it holds a position that is not considered too low in the local caste hierarchy.
Criticisms of Dominant Caste Ideology
- Class differences can exist within a single caste.
- In certain villages, power might be distributed across various castes, not just one dominant caste.
Oliver Mendelsohn's Perspective
- Mendelsohn suggests that by the time M.N. Srinivas made this observation in the 1950s, the notion of a dominant caste was already disappearing.
Dominance Through Judicial Authority
- Dominance can be determined by the capability to exercise juridical authority to administer justice or resolve disputes.
Dispensing Justice
- Justice is administered by caste panchayats, the panchayat of the dominant caste, or official courts.
- According to M.N. Srinivas a dominant caste settles disputes in three scenarios:
- When both parties are from non-dominant castes
- When both parties are from one (non-dominant) caste
- It may come as a surprise to some, but caste panchayats have the power to settle disputes internal to their own caste.
Devisar, Jaipur District: Anand Chakraverti's Analysis
- Anand Chakraverti conducted fieldwork in Devisar in 1964/65.
- Chakraverti's study indicates that the Rajput phase in Devisar was in the past.
- The Jagirdari abolition in 1954 led to the deprivation of much of the Rajputs land.
- Land was redistributed in areas such as Jats, Kumavats and Ahirs.
Factors in Rajput Power Decline in Devisar
- Chakraverti does not regard the loss of land by the Rajputs as the main reason for the destruction of their dominant status.
- He emphasises the ideological and general political environment beyond the village with leadership factors.
- Rajput power declined due to:
- Land redistribution
- The increasing influence of Congress affecting the local political landscape
- The rise of other caste groups such as Jats gaining political and social power
- The emergence of emerging leaders in the village
Historical Cases of Rajput Authority
- In 1928, in a dispute involving a Brahmin widow and a Mahajan man for which the Rajput landholders assistance was used to bring resolution.
- In 1924, a calf straying into a field led to an attack that created a fine be issued.
- In 1954, a dispute over illicit milking, turned violent, with the Raegars being forced to bow and apologize.
The Judicial System
- The Ahirs and Raegars punished because they returned blows or refused to do a polluting job which they had to do.
- They challenged the Rajputs.
Behror: Oliver Mendelsohn's Analysis
- Oliver Mendelsohn studied a village in Behror from the 1970s to the early 2000s.
- Mendelsohn found that the dominant landholding caste in Behror were the Ahirs for centuries.
- However, Mendelsohn also stated that it is complicated to visualize these patterns today.
Ahirs: Dominant Caste Status in the 1970s
- Ahirs did not possess power in settling disputes for other castes.
- They also lacked economic power.
- The Jajmani system client patron system of exchange of goods and services is mostly absent
Factors Changing Village Structure
- Villagers in Behror are now more engaged in external economic activity.
- Many castes are not reliant on Ahirs for employment.
- The Green Revolution enhanced agricultural and living conditions.
- Bhangis have migrated to work and left traditional sweeping occupation
Migration Impact
- Brahmins have sought other occupations in medicine and the military.
- The Ahirs allow their sons to study outside the village.
- Also, Ahirs are running trucking and bus lines, stone quarries.
Community Unity and Social Trends
- Individualism and family centeredness have replaced caste solidarity.
- The Ahirs don't meet as a community and don't hold any meetings.
Caste Panchayats Decline
- Caste panchayats are disappearing.
- Low caste communities still find the punchayat important.
- Higher earnings can erode caste solidarity.
- MLA can be involved now in dispute resolution.
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