Case Studies in Environmental Conflicts
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Questions and Answers

What was a significant consequence of OPEC stopping oil shipments in the 1970s?

  • The price of oil decreased significantly.
  • Economic sanctions were imposed on Egypt.
  • The U.S. developed alternative energy sources rapidly.
  • The price of oil quadrupled as a result. (correct)

What development significantly impacted the Lubicon Cree's traditional way of life?

  • Creation of a national park in Lubicon territory.
  • Construction of new homes for the Lubicon.
  • Opening of a ski resort near their territory.
  • Establishment of logging rights for Daishowa in their area. (correct)

Which important document did the Lubicon Cree not sign that affects their land claims?

  • Treaty of Westminster
  • Treaty 8 (correct)
  • Treaty 7
  • Treaty of Paris

What type of land is Lubicon territory considered due to not signing Treaty 8?

<p>Crown land (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a direct result of the construction of roads into Lubicon territory?

<p>Access for oil and gas companies to set up operations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following industries has NOT significantly developed in Lubicon Cree territory?

<p>Farming and agriculture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the fate of wildlife as a result of resource development in Lubicon territory?

<p>Many animals disappeared due to habitat destruction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What year did oil discovery occur in Lubicon territory, affecting the region's economy?

<p>1952 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary goal of Nicholas Negroponte's organization, One Laptop per Child?

<p>To help developing countries cross the digital divide. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the price point for the laptop aimed for the One Laptop per Child initiative?

<p>$150 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following countries expressed interest in equipping students with the 2B1 laptop?

<p>Argentina (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a main concern raised by critics of media concentration and convergence?

<p>Reduced competition and diversity of opinion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant outcome noted in the Red Cross report regarding media coverage of disasters?

<p>Unusual disasters attract more media attention than ongoing crises. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which major language has become dominant in global business, scientific research, and online content?

<p>English (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the world's languages does most of the Internet content derive from?

<p>Over 90% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the process of a minority culture being absorbed by a majority culture, resulting in the minority culture's disappearance?

<p>Assimilation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When was Ladakh opened to tourists, prompting cultural changes?

<p>1970 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'digital divide' refer to?

<p>The gap between those with and without access to modern communications technology (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant barrier did the Indian government impose regarding tourism in Ladakh?

<p>Access was restricted due to a border dispute. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes 'pop culture'?

<p>Popular culture, often synonymous with the culture influenced by the United States (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of transnational corporations?

<p>To have their headquarters in one nation but conduct business globally (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following most accurately describes media concentration as criticized by Jill Nelson?

<p>It enhances profit without considering democratic principles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following concepts refers to the reduction in cultural diversity due to the influence of a dominant culture?

<p>Homogenization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do language experts view the impact of English on global language diversity?

<p>It leads to the loss of linguistic diversity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are economies of scale?

<p>Savings achieved by purchasing in bulk, reducing per unit costs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What main concern does the Red Cross highlight about media attention on emergencies?

<p>The focus is disproportionately on extraordinary events. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does historical globalization focus on?

<p>The beginning of globalization with Columbus's voyages in 1492 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of influence has Buddhism and Islam had on Ladakh?

<p>They were imported from other regions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the integration of cultures leading to the creation of a cultural hybrid?

<p>Hybridization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the 2B1 laptop is true?

<p>It can connect via satellite links and cellular networks. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of cultural content laws?

<p>To ensure minority cultures are protected from oppression (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term imperialism refer to?

<p>The policy of extending a mother country's rule into an empire (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary issue that the Lubicon are trying to address through treaty negotiations?

<p>Affirmation of territory control (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor has contributed to the hazardous conditions faced by coltan miners in the Democratic Republic of Congo?

<p>Presence of armed thieves (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the WTO ruling regarding banana imports from former colonies?

<p>Some trade rules were changed to help banana farmers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Guillermo Touma's experience as a banana worker influence his actions?

<p>He became involved in union organizing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contributed to the cultural revitalization among Métis people in recent years?

<p>Developments in online communication (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'acculturation' refer to in the context of Métis culture?

<p>The blending of different cultural elements (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major concern do the teachers express regarding the language Inuktitut?

<p>It is being replaced by English among children (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What consequence has coltan mining had on local gorillas in the DRC?

<p>A decrease in their food supply (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What led to the 'banana wars' trade conflict?

<p>Preferences given to imports from former colonies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the major strategies employed by Guillermo Touma for banana workers’ rights?

<p>Collaborating with other unions and non-profits (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the population of eastern lowland gorillas change in DRC's parks due to coltan mining?

<p>Declined by 90% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential result of the loss of Inuktitut among children, according to the teachers?

<p>Weakened community ties (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact did the declining number of Michif speakers have on the Métis community?

<p>Diminished cultural identity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What traditional medicine from Ladakh has gained international attention?

<p>Amchi (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant political change happened in Burma in 1962?

<p>Seizure of control by military leaders (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which country hosted the 4th Games of la Francophonie?

<p>Canada (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major goal of the Moncton Summit?

<p>Addressing the needs of Francophone youth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major outcome of the Live 8 concerts?

<p>Global awareness of poverty (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ethnic group did the British favor in Burma, leading to increased unrest?

<p>Karen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What economic impact did the opening of the highway have on Ladakh?

<p>Access to larger markets (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major issue with the broadcasting of Al-Jazeera in Canada?

<p>Strict monitoring conditions were required (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Kofi Annan during the Moncton Summit?

<p>The Secretary General of the United Nations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was significant about the Live 8 concerts' audience reach?

<p>Radio, television, and internet linked three billion participants (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What consequence did the integration into Britain's colonial trading network have on Burma?

<p>Undermined traditional leaders (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What request did Live 8 organizers make to the G8 leaders?

<p>To ensure justice in trade and cancel debts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect did Britain's rule have on Burma's economy post-independence?

<p>Severe economic decline (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of items did Ladakhi men traditionally travel to sell?

<p>Jewelry, salt, and dried fruit (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Lubicon Cree and Treaty 8

The Lubicon Cree, a First Nation group in northern Alberta, were excluded from Treaty 8 in 1899. This meant their traditional territory was considered Crown land, owned and controlled by the government.

Lubicon Cree and Resource Development

The discovery of oil in the Lubicon Cree's territory during the 1950s led to increased development, including roads, oil and gas wells, and a pulp mill, displacing the Cree and damaging their environment.

Lubicon Cree and Resource Development

The Lubicon Cree's traditional hunting, fishing, and trapping grounds were significantly impacted by the loss of forests due to resource development, disrupting their way of life. This loss of traditional practices is a major consequence of the ongoing land dispute.

Daishowa Paper Manufacturing Co.

The government granted logging rights to Daishowa Paper Manufacturing Co. in the Lubicon territory, contributing to the loss of forests and the displacement of the Lubicon Cree.

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OPEC Embargo and Lubicon Territory

The shortage of oil supply in the US due to OPEC's embargo in 1973 led to increased demand for Canadian oil, making the Lubicon Cree's territory even more valuable for development.

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Lubicon Cree Land Claim

The Lubicon Cree's land claim is a complex legal and political issue that highlights the ongoing struggle for land rights and self-determination for Indigenous peoples in Canada.

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Impact of Development on Lubicon Cree

The development of the Lubicon Cree's traditional territory for resource extraction is an example of how government policies and corporate interests can have a significant impact on Indigenous communities, often leading to displacement, cultural loss, and environmental damage.

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Lessons from Lubicon Cree

The Lubicon Cree's land claim highlights the need for governments and corporations to prioritize Indigenous rights, cultural integrity, and environmental sustainability when developing resource-rich areas.

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Coltan

A metal used in cellphones, mined primarily in the Democratic Republic of Congo, whose high value has fueled conflict and exploitation.

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Environmental Impact of Coltan Mining

The impact of coltan mining on the environment in the DRC, leading to deforestation, loss of gorilla habitat, and unsustainable exploitation of natural resources.

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Banana Wars

A trade dispute in the 1990s where European countries granted preferential treatment to bananas from former colonies, sparking conflict with banana-producing countries and transnational corporations.

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World Trade Organization (WTO)

An international organization that governs global trade rules, aiming to ensure fairness and equal treatment among member countries.

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Acculturation

The process of adapting to a new culture, incorporating elements of it into one's own identity, often leading to a blend of cultural practices and traditions.

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Michif

The language spoken by some Metis people, reflecting the blending of French and Cree cultures, and serving as an example of acculturation.

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Cultural Revitalization

The revitalization and promotion of cultural heritage, practices, and traditions aimed at preserving and strengthening a specific community's identity.

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Language Disappearance

The fear of a language disappearing due to factors like assimilation, lack of speakers, and diminished use in everyday life.

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Assimilation

The process of one culture or group absorbing another, resulting in a loss of distinct culture and traditions.

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Exploitation of the Global South

A term used to describe the exploitation of resources, labor, or economies in developing countries, often by wealthy nations or corporations, to gain an economic advantage.

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Corruption

The use of power or position for personal gain or to corruptly influence decisions, especially in government or business.

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Exploitation

The unfair or unethical treatment of individuals or groups based on their identity, background, or socioeconomic status.

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Indigenous Displacement

The displacement of indigenous populations from their traditional lands, often due to economic development or resource extraction.

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Issue

A topic that has no clear answer, involving many people in thoughtful and well-meaning discussion to aid in understanding and finding solutions.

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Context

The collection of circumstances that shape an individual's identity.

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Collective

A group of people with shared identity, values, and experiences.

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Transnational Corporation

A company headquartered in one country, but doing business globally.

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Media Concentration

The process of merging media outlets into larger conglomerates, leading to less diversity of media opinions.

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Media Convergence

The convergence of different types of media (print, radio, television, internet) into a single electronic medium.

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Accommodation

The process of accommodating different cultures, creating space for each other, potentially influencing both cultures.

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Universalization

The spread of culture, trends, customs and practices around the world, leading to a homogenized global culture.

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What is the Digital Divide?

A situation where there is a significant gap in access to and use of technology, especially between different socioeconomic groups or regions.

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What is OLPC?

A non-profit organization that aims to bridge the digital divide by providing low-cost laptops to children in developing countries.

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What is Media Convergence?

The process where different types of media, like newspapers, radio, and television, converge into a single platform, often the internet.

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What is Media Concentration?

The concentration of media ownership in the hands of a few large companies, which can lead to reduced competition and diversity of information.

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Who is CanWest Global Communications?

A major Canadian media company involved in a controversy for imposing the same editorial stance across its newspapers, regardless of local contexts.

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What is the Bias in News Coverage?

The tendency for unusual events with clear causes and high death tolls to receive more media coverage than ongoing tragedies with less obvious causes.

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How does English impact the Internet?

The dominance of English as a language of the internet, leading to a decreased visibility and accessibility of content in other languages.

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What was Ladakh's Traditional Culture like?

The traditional culture of Ladakh, a region in the Himalayas, which developed in isolation and revolved around self-sufficiency.

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How did Tourism affect Ladakh?

The impact of tourism on Ladakh's cultural values and traditions, leading to the adoption of new ways of life.

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What is borrowing words from other languages?

The process of borrowing words from other languages, which has significantly contributed to the vast vocabulary of English.

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How does the Roman Alphabet impact Internet access?

The use of the Roman alphabet in most internet content, limiting access and understanding for speakers of languages with different alphabets.

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What is an isolated elder?

An individual who is detached from the world due to age, disability, or other factors, and who is not involved in social activities.

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What is a major event?

A large-scale disaster or event that attracts global attention, often due to its unusual scale and impact.

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What is inequality?

A situation where resources and opportunities are not distributed equally among different groups or individuals.

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What is Amchi?

A traditional herb- and mineral-based medicine from Ladakh.

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What are the Games of La Francophonie?

A series of international competitions where countries compete in both cultural and athletic events.

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What was a major goal of the Moncton Summit?

A goal of the Moncton Summit was to respond to the needs of young people in Francophone communities.

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What happened to Burma after wars with Britain?

After a series of wars, Burma (now Myanmar) became a province of India in 1886. The king was exiled, and resistance was met with harsh punishment.

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How did the British integrate Burma into their colonial network?

The British used tactics similar to those in India, undermining traditional leaders and ignoring cultural differences.

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How did the British actions contribute to unrest in Burma?

The British favoring some ethnic minorities over others created unrest in Burma.

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Who led the independence movement in Burma?

A strong independence movement took root in Burma, led by Aung San, who was assassinated in 1947.

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What happened in Burma after independence?

A military dictatorship seized power in 1962, leading to a decline in Burma's economy and food shortages.

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What is Make Poverty History?

A coalition of non-profit organizations dedicated to ending poverty worldwide.

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What was the purpose of the Live 8 concerts?

Live 8 concerts aimed to raise awareness about global poverty and influence world leaders to take action.

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Why were the Live 8 concerts held in July?

The Live 8 concerts were held in July to coincide with the G8 summit in Edinburgh, Scotland.

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What were the requests made by Live 8 organizers to the G8 leaders?

The Live 8 organizers urged the G8 leaders to address issues like trade justice, debt cancellation, and aid to developing countries.

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What is Al-Jazeera?

Al-Jazeera is an Arabic TV station based in Qatar that broadcasts internationally.

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How do people view Al-Jazeera's content?

Some people believe that Al-Jazeera presents only propaganda, while others argue that exposure to diverse viewpoints is important.

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What was the CRTC's decision regarding Al-Jazeera broadcasting in Canada?

The Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) ruled that Al-Jazeera could broadcast in Canada but with strict conditions.

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Study Notes

Case Studies and Conflicts

  • Lubicon Cree: The Lubicon Cree's traditional way of life in northern Alberta was disrupted by oil and gas development. The Alberta government's actions, like building roads and granting logging rights to Daishowa Paper, led to deforestation and the loss of hunting, fishing, and trapping grounds. The Lubicon, who did not sign Treaty 8, are considered to have their land as crown land, owned by the government, which collects royalties from oil and gas development. They have been unsuccessfully trying to negotiate a treaty for over a century to reclaim their territory and access to royalties.

Case Studies and Conflicts (cont'd)

  • Coltan Mining in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC): Coltan, a metal found in electronics, is mined extensively in the DRC, creating economic issues and conflicts—especially considering the existing civil wars there. The high demand creates dangers for miners due to armed theft. Mining has reduced the ecosystem and decreased the population of Eastern lowland gorillas by 90%. Land clearing has also destroyed the traditional way of life in the region.

Case Studies and Conflicts (cont'd)

  • Banana Wars: European governments gave preferential treatment to bananas from former colonies (e.g., Jamaica, St. Lucia) which led to a trade conflict, or "Banana Wars,". Transnational corporations, such as Chiquita, protested this policy, leading to a dispute with the WTO. The WTO ultimately ruled that European trade rules needed change to be fair to all members. This impacted banana farmers' working conditions and pay negatively.

Case Studies and Conflicts (cont'd)

  • Metis People: Metis culture has been threatened over the past century, due to assimilation and acculturation. The Metis Nation of Alberta, or MNA, rose in membership by 300% and has taken up cultural revitalization in the 1990s and into this century, including using the internet to promote Métis history, culture, and traditions in online forums.

Case Studies and Conflicts (cont'd)

  • Disappearing Languages (Inuktitut): The language Inuktitut is under threat of losing its speakers at a rate that is accelerated by language assimilation. The loss is witnessed when the youth use English, even if their parents speak Inuktitut.

Case Studies and Conflicts (cont'd)

  • One Laptop per Child: One Laptop per Child helps people in developing countries by providing affordable laptops to students. The 2B1, a prototype, is intended to connect to the Internet through various links, facilitating access for rural populations, and specifically to people in five countries—Argentina, Brazil, Libya, Nigeria and Thailand.

Case Studies and Conflicts (cont'd)

  • CanWest Controversy: The largest Canadian media company, CanWest Global Communications, faced criticism about media concentration and convergence issues. Media outlets were ordered to take a uniform, non-local view threatening journalistic diversity.

Case Studies and Conflicts (cont'd)

  • 9/11 (Racial Backlash): The 9/11 attacks led to racial backlash, discrimination, and prejudice against minority groups.

Case Studies and Conflicts (cont'd)

  • Untold Stories: The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies analyzed the media's coverage patterns in global crises, reporting that stories about lasting tragedies that lack immediate solutions get minimal attention compared to sudden catastrophes like tsunamis. The disproportionate media coverage based on death tolls and immediacy has been noted.

Case Studies and Conflicts (cont'd)

  • Internet and the Dominance of English: Majority of internet content is in English, in spite of English being the first or second language of most users, and the Internet's exclusive use of the Roman alphabet. This has led to the exclusion of speakers of the world’s more than 6000 languages. English has come to dominate business, scientific research, and popular culture.

Case Studies and Conflicts (cont'd)

  • Ladakh: Ladakh's isolation and unique culture were challenged by increased tourism in the 1970s. The arrival of cheap imported products and food contributed to globalization and the change of traditional values.

Case Studies and Conflicts (cont'd)

  • La Francophonie: La Francophonie, which involves a common language connecting people around the world, is represented in a variety of international competitions. The Moncton Summit focused on the needs of Francophone youth and building an international community based on shared values and purpose.

Case Studies and Conflicts (cont'd)

  • Dictatorship in Burma (Myanmar): Burma's transition from British rule to independence and military dictatorship in 1962 impacted the nation. The legacy of conflict among peoples and the subsequent military control saw severe economic impacts, including food shortages.

Case Studies and Conflicts (cont'd)

  • Make Poverty History/Live 8: The Live 8 concerts, part of the Make Poverty History movement, aimed to raise awareness about global poverty and press the G8 for solutions, including better trade practices, debt relief for the world's poorest nations, and increased aid.

Case Studies and Conflicts (cont'd)

  • Al Jazeera in Canada: Al Jazeera, when its English broadcasts were permitted, faced strict conditions by the regulating body in Canada for its programming. The strict conditions were argued as burdensome by the Canadian cable companies.

Case Studies and Conflicts (cont'd)

  • McDonalds at the Louvre: The presence of McDonalds at the Louvre highlighted issues of homogenization and exporting American culture.

Background Information and Concepts

  • Global North/South: This terminology separates richer (North) and poorer (South) countries, which usually translates to developed and developing countries respectively. It's not about location alone.

  • Issue: A topic with diverse opinions among individuals due to various considerations.

  • Role Model: Someone who influences others' identity.

  • Collective: A group one can identify with.

  • Definitions of Globalizations terms: Additional definitions are provided related to various terms such such as transnational corporation, media concentration, media convergence, economies of scale, biodiversity, accommodation, acculturation, assimilation, homogenization, cultural revitalization, digital divide, propaganda, pop culture, universalization, etc..

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Explore two significant case studies that highlight environmental conflicts: the impact of oil and gas development on the Lubicon Cree in Alberta, and the challenges posed by coltan mining in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Delve into the socio-economic repercussions and the fight for rights in both regions.

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