Cartilage Types and Characteristics
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Questions and Answers

What is the shape of mature chondrocytes when they are single?

  • Oval or rounded (correct)
  • Rectangular or square
  • Triangular or semicircular
  • Linear or cylindrical
  • What is the function of chondrocytes in cartilage?

  • To remove waste products from the cartilage
  • To break down the cartilage matrix
  • To synthesize and secrete the components of the cartilage matrix (correct)
  • To absorb nutrients from the bloodstream
  • What is the characteristic of cartilage matrix?

  • It is rubbery in consistency (correct)
  • It is brittle and transparent
  • It is hard and brittle
  • It is soft and fragile
  • What is the main component of the cartilage matrix?

    <p>Collagen fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the protein found in the cartilage matrix?

    <p>Chondrocalcin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between hyaline cartilage and elastic cartilage?

    <p>The presence of elastic fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the site of elastic cartilage?

    <p>Auricle of the ear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the cells found in cartilage?

    <p>Chondrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic appearance of hyaline cartilage in its fresh state?

    <p>Translucent pale blue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the perichondrium in cartilage?

    <p>It acts as a source of oxygen and nutrients to the cartilage cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the outer layer of the perichondrium?

    <p>Rich in collagen type I, fibroblasts, and blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the site where hyaline cartilage is absent?

    <p>Articular surfaces of the joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the inner chondrogenic layer of the perichondrium?

    <p>Formation of new cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of young chondrocytes?

    <p>They are flat cells with open-face nuclei and pale basophilic cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consistency of hyaline cartilage?

    <p>Firm or rigid with some degree of flexibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many types of cartilage are there?

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the matrix in elastic cartilage?

    <p>It contains an abundant network of fine elastic fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between elastic cartilage and hyaline cartilage in terms of staining?

    <p>Elastic cartilage cannot be stained by standard elastic stains, while hyaline cartilage can</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the arrangement of chondrocytes in elastic cartilage?

    <p>Chondrocytes are arranged in rows or columns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the collagen fibers in elastic cartilage?

    <p>Collagen fibers are arranged in bundles between the rows of chondrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between elastic cartilage and hyaline cartilage in terms of perichondrium?

    <p>Elastic cartilage is not covered by perichondrium, while hyaline cartilage is</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the cells that make up cartilage?

    <p>Chondrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the consistency of white fibrocartilage?

    <p>Tense and resists stretch due to presence of collagen fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a site where white fibrocartilage is found?

    <p>Articular surface of bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the color of white fibrocartilage in its fresh state?

    <p>White</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cartilage is characterized by the presence of perichondrium?

    <p>Both a and b</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about the arrangement of chondrocytes in white fibrocartilage?

    <p>They are arranged in rows or columns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a site where hyaline cartilage is found?

    <p>Costal cartilage in the thoracic cage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the matrix of white fibrocartilage?

    <p>It is acidophilic due to the presence of coarse type I collagen fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a site where yellow elastic fibrocartilage is found?

    <p>Auricle of the ear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cartilage

    • Cartilage is a type of connective tissue with a firm consistency of the extracellular matrix.
    • There are three types of cartilage: hyaline cartilage, yellow elastic fibrocartilage, and white fibrocartilage.

    Hyaline Cartilage

    • Appearance: translucent pale blue in fresh state
    • Consistency: firm or rigid with some degree of flexibility
    • Structure:
      • Formed of perichondrium, cartilage cells (chondrocytes), and cartilage matrix
    • Sites:
      • Constitutes the majority of the foetal skeleton
      • Articular surface of bones
      • Costal cartilage in the thoracic cage
      • Nose, trachea, and bronchi

    Perichondrium

    • A vascular connective tissue membrane that surrounds the cartilage except at the articular surfaces of the joints
    • Formed of two layers: outer fibrous layer and inner chondrogenic layer
    • Function:
      • Acts as a source of O2 and nutrients to the cartilage cells
      • The inner chondrogenic layer is responsible for new cartilage formation

    Cartilage Cells (Chondrocytes)

    • There are two types of chondrocytes: young chondrocytes and mature "old" chondrocytes
    • Young chondrocytes:
      • Arise from the inner chondrogenic layer
      • Flat cells with open-face nuclei and pale basophilic cytoplasm
      • Present singly in their lacunae at the periphery of the cartilage and parallel to the perichondrium
    • Mature "old" chondrocytes:
      • Site: deep in the cartilage in the form of rows perpendicular to the perichondrium
      • Shape: oval or rounded when single, and triangular or semicircular when in groups
      • Have rounded and open-face nuclei and granular, basophilic cytoplasm rich in glycogen, fat, and phosphatase enzyme
    • Function:
      • Synthesize and secrete the components of the cartilage matrix
      • Can divide, responsible for the growth of the cartilage

    Cartilage Matrix

    • General characters:
      • Rubbery in consistency
      • Non-vascular
    • Staining reaction:
      • Appears homogenous basophilic by Hx and E due to the presence of sulphated glycosaminoglycans
      • Shows strong PAS positivity
    • Components:
      • Collagen fibers (Type II)
      • Proteoglycans (chondritin 4 sulphate and 6 sulphate)
      • Glycoprotein (chondronectin)
      • Protein (chondrocalcin)

    Yellow Elastic Fibrocartilage

    • Appearance: yellow in color due to the presence of elastic fibers
    • Consistency: elastic and flexible due to the presence of elastic fibers
    • Structure:
      • The matrix contains an abundant network of elastic fibers
      • Can be stained by standard elastic stains (e.g. Verhoeff's stains)
    • Sites:
      • Auricle of the ear
      • External auditory meatus
      • Eustachian tube
      • Epiglottis

    White Fibrocartilage

    • Appearance: white in fresh state
    • Consistency: tense and resists stretch due to the presence of collagen fibers
    • Structure:
      • Differs from hyaline cartilage in:
        • Not covered by perichondrium but surrounded by dense C.T. rich in blood vessels
        • Chondrocytes are arranged in rows or columns
        • Matrix contains bundles of coarse type I collagen fibers in between rows of chondrocytes
    • Sites:
      • Intervertebral discs
      • Semilunar cartilage of knee joints
      • Symphysis pubis
      • Lips of glenoid cavity
      • Terminal parts of tendons

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