Cartilage: Structure and Function
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Questions and Answers

What is the function of the perichondrium?

  • It facilitates cartilage erosion during arthritis.
  • It serves as a nutrient source for joint fluid.
  • It forms a protective barrier against bacteria.
  • It provides structural support and blood supply to cartilage. (correct)

Which type of cartilage lacks a perichondrium?

  • Elastic cartilage
  • Fibrocartilage
  • Hyaline cartilage
  • Articular cartilage (correct)

What is the primary source of nutrients for articular cartilage?

  • Nutrient diffusion from synovial fluid (correct)
  • Blood vessels in the perichondrium
  • Direct uptake from surrounding tissues
  • Cellular activity within the cartilage matrix

Which of the following is NOT one of the main types of cartilage?

<p>Perichondrial cartilage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the matrix of different types of cartilage?

<p>Variations in composition that define cartilage types (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary role does cartilage play in the skeletal system?

<p>It provides structural support and cushioning. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the extracellular matrix is primarily responsible for cartilage's ability to absorb shock?

<p>Bound water within the matrix (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chondrocytes are primarily responsible for which of the following functions?

<p>Synthesizing and maintaining the ECM components (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What property of cartilage is largely influenced by the interaction between type II collagen and sulfated GAGs?

<p>Its semi-rigid consistency (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cartilage is characterized by high amounts of type II collagen and provides support in softer tissues such as the respiratory tract and ears?

<p>Hyaline cartilage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the perichondrium in relation to cartilage?

<p>It provides a framework for cartilage growth. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do chondrocytes receive nutrients given the avascular nature of cartilage?

<p>Through diffusion from capillaries in the perichondrium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of cartilage contributes to its lack of metabolic activity in chondrocytes?

<p>Avascularity of cartilage leading to nutrient dependence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary functions of the cardiovascular system?

<p>The cardiovascular system circulates blood, delivering oxygen and nutrients while removing waste.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the main components of the respiratory system.

<p>The main components are the lungs, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the role of the digestive system.

<p>The digestive system breaks down food into absorbable nutrients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the urinary system?

<p>The urinary system filters blood and removes waste products as urine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Outline the function of the endocrine system.

<p>The endocrine system produces hormones that regulate growth, metabolism, and reproduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the lymphatic and immune systems work together?

<p>They collaborate to protect the body against disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main functions of the integumentary system?

<p>The integumentary system protects the environment, regulates temperature, and participates in sensory functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the concept of homeostasis in the human body.

<p>Homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain internal balance despite external changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the anatomical position in human anatomy?

<p>The anatomical position serves as a standard reference point for accurately describing locations and directions in the human body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define the term 'body cavities' and name the major types.

<p>'Body cavities' are enclosed spaces within the body that protect and hold internal organs, with major types including the dorsal and ventral cavities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the role of joints in the skeletal system.

<p>Joints connect bones and allow for movement, enabling the skeleton to function effectively during various physical activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of muscle tissue, and where is each typically found?

<p>The three types of muscle tissue are skeletal (found in voluntary muscles), smooth (found in involuntary organs), and cardiac (found in the heart).</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the nervous system coordinate body functions?

<p>The nervous system coordinates body functions through electrical and chemical signals, enabling responses to environmental stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary composition of bones, and how does it affect their function?

<p>Bones are primarily composed of calcium phosphate, which provides strength and resilience, crucial for supporting the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the importance of directional terms in anatomy.

<p>Directional terms, such as superior and inferior, provide clear and precise descriptions of locations and orientations within the human body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main regions of the body used for anatomical description?

<p>The main body regions include the head, neck, trunk, and limbs, which help in specifying locations of structures and organs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cartilage

A tough, supportive connective tissue with a high concentration of GAGs and proteoglycans.

Chondrocytes

Cells that are found in cartilage and synthesize and maintain the extracellular matrix components.

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

The non-cellular component of cartilage, providing structural support and firmness to the tissue.

Lacunae

Cavities in the extracellular matrix where chondrocytes are located.

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Type II Collagen

A key protein in cartilage matrix, providing structural support and influencing the tissue's firmness.

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GAGs and Proteoglycans

Large molecules in cartilage ECM that trap water molecules which affects cartilage firmness and resilience.

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Perichondrium

Connective tissue surrounding the cartilage, providing nourishment to the chondrocytes through diffusion.

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Avascular Tissue

Cartilage lacks blood vessels, relying on diffusion for nutrient supply.

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Hyaline Cartilage

A type of cartilage with a specific matrix composition.

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Cartilage Matrix

The substance surrounding chondrocytes in cartilage.

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Articular Cartilage

Cartilage covering bone ends in movable joints; lacks perichondrium.

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Cardiovascular System

A network that transports blood throughout the body, delivering oxygen and nutrients while removing waste.

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Respiratory System

The system responsible for breathing, taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide.

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Digestive System

A series of organs that break down food into usable nutrients for the body.

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Urinary System

Filters waste products from the blood and removes them as urine.

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Endocrine System

A system of glands that produce hormones, regulating various body functions.

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Lymphatic and Immune System

Protects the body against disease by filtering fluids and producing immune cells.

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Reproductive System

Responsible for producing sex hormones and offspring.

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Integumentary System

The skin, which acts as a protective barrier, regulates temperature, and allows sensory function.

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Human Anatomy

The study of the structure of the human body, encompassing both visible and microscopic parts. It is essential for understanding how the body functions.

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Anatomical Position

A standard reference point for describing body parts and directions. The body is standing upright, arms at sides, palms facing forward.

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Body Cavities

Enclosed spaces within the body that hold and protect internal organs. Major cavities include the dorsal and ventral cavities.

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Skeletal System

Provides support, protection, and movement for the body. Composed of bones, which are living tissues.

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Types of Bones

Bones are classified into four categories: long, short, flat, and irregular, based on their shape and function.

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Muscular System

Responsible for movement and support of the body. Includes skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle tissue.

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Nervous System

Coordinates body functions through electrical and chemical signals. Includes the central and peripheral nervous system.

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Joints

Connections between bones that allow for movement. Types include fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints.

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Study Notes

Cartilage: Structure and Function

  • Cartilage is a tough, supportive connective tissue. Its matrix has high concentrations of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and proteoglycans, interacting with collagen and elastic fibers.
  • Cartilage's firm matrix resists deformation under stress. It supports soft tissues in the respiratory system, ears, and nose, and functions as cushioning and sliding surfaces in joints, facilitating movement.
  • Cartilage guides bone development and growth.
  • Chondrocytes are embedded in the extracellular matrix (ECM). They synthesize and maintain all ECM components within lacunae (cavities).
  • The matrix's physical properties result from electrostatic bonds between type II collagen fibrils, hyaluronan, and sulfated GAGs on proteoglycans. This structure, along with bound water, gives cartilage its shock-absorbing ability.
  • Cartilage lacks blood vessels; nutrients reach chondrocytes via diffusion from surrounding connective tissue (perichondrium).
  • Some cartilage elements have large blood vessels that supply other parts of the skeleton, not specifically the chondrocytes.
  • Chondrocytes have low metabolic activity and cartilage lacks nerves.

Types of Cartilage

  • Hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage are distinguished by matrix composition. Details are likely available in the table referenced (Table 7–1).

Perichondrium

  • Perichondrium is a sheath of dense connective tissue surrounding most cartilage. It provides blood supply and nerves to the cartilage.
  • Articular cartilage, which covers bone ends in movable joints, lacks perichondrium, obtaining nutrients and oxygen from the synovial fluid.

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Description

This quiz explores the key aspects of cartilage, including its structure, types, and vital roles in the human body. Learn about chondrocytes, the extracellular matrix, and how cartilage facilitates movement and supports soft tissues. Test your understanding of cartilage's properties and functions.

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