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Questions and Answers
Which component of the extracellular matrix is primarily responsible for the variable stain intensity observed?
Which component of the extracellular matrix is primarily responsible for the variable stain intensity observed?
Which specific type of collagen is predominantly found in the capsular matrix?
Which specific type of collagen is predominantly found in the capsular matrix?
What is a key feature of the capsular or pericellular matrix in terms of its position?
What is a key feature of the capsular or pericellular matrix in terms of its position?
Basic dyes reacting with tissue components that change color typically indicate which type of molecule?
Basic dyes reacting with tissue components that change color typically indicate which type of molecule?
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The regions of the extracellular matrix are primarily identified based upon what?
The regions of the extracellular matrix are primarily identified based upon what?
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Which type of collagen is primarily produced by chondrocytes in fibrocartilage?
Which type of collagen is primarily produced by chondrocytes in fibrocartilage?
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Where are fibroblasts predominantly located within fibrocartilage?
Where are fibroblasts predominantly located within fibrocartilage?
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Which of the following anatomical locations does NOT typically contain fibrocartilage?
Which of the following anatomical locations does NOT typically contain fibrocartilage?
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What is the initial trigger that causes chondroprogenitor cells to differentiate into chondroblasts during chondrogenesis?
What is the initial trigger that causes chondroprogenitor cells to differentiate into chondroblasts during chondrogenesis?
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Which of the following is the primary structural component secreted by chondroblasts during chondrogenesis?
Which of the following is the primary structural component secreted by chondroblasts during chondrogenesis?
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Which of the following is NOT a primary characteristic of cartilage?
Which of the following is NOT a primary characteristic of cartilage?
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What is the primary function of the extracellular matrix in cartilage?
What is the primary function of the extracellular matrix in cartilage?
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Which cell type is responsible for maintaining the cartilage matrix?
Which cell type is responsible for maintaining the cartilage matrix?
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What is the primary mode of nutrient supply to chondrocytes in cartilage?
What is the primary mode of nutrient supply to chondrocytes in cartilage?
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Which of the following is a key component of the cartilage matrix's ground substance?
Which of the following is a key component of the cartilage matrix's ground substance?
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What is the primary constituent of the fibrous component of cartilage matrix?
What is the primary constituent of the fibrous component of cartilage matrix?
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Which statement regarding the structure of cartilage is correct?
Which statement regarding the structure of cartilage is correct?
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What is the significance of the avascular nature of cartilage?
What is the significance of the avascular nature of cartilage?
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Which region of the extracellular matrix is characterized by a lower concentration of sulfated proteoglycans when compared to the capsular matrix?
Which region of the extracellular matrix is characterized by a lower concentration of sulfated proteoglycans when compared to the capsular matrix?
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What is the term for the clusters of chondrocytes resulting from recent cell divisions?
What is the term for the clusters of chondrocytes resulting from recent cell divisions?
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What feature is characteristic of chondrocytes that are actively involved in matrix production?
What feature is characteristic of chondrocytes that are actively involved in matrix production?
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Which component of the extracellular matrix has the lowest concentration of proteoglycans?
Which component of the extracellular matrix has the lowest concentration of proteoglycans?
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What is the primary type of collagen found within the territorial matrix?
What is the primary type of collagen found within the territorial matrix?
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What is the function of the clear areas observed in the cytoplasm of active chondrocytes?
What is the function of the clear areas observed in the cytoplasm of active chondrocytes?
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Which statement best describes the interterritorial matrix?
Which statement best describes the interterritorial matrix?
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What do the clear areas seen within the cytoplasm of older and less active chondrocytes indicate?
What do the clear areas seen within the cytoplasm of older and less active chondrocytes indicate?
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What are chondroblasts called when they are completely surrounded by matrix?
What are chondroblasts called when they are completely surrounded by matrix?
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Which tissue directly surrounds the chondrogenic nodule?
Which tissue directly surrounds the chondrogenic nodule?
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What is the primary characteristic of isogenic cell clusters?
What is the primary characteristic of isogenic cell clusters?
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Where does appositional growth of cartilage occur?
Where does appositional growth of cartilage occur?
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What is the source of new cartilage cells during appositional growth?
What is the source of new cartilage cells during appositional growth?
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What is the primary mechanism through which interstitial cartilage growth occurs?
What is the primary mechanism through which interstitial cartilage growth occurs?
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During interstitial growth, what happens immediately after a chondrocyte divides?
During interstitial growth, what happens immediately after a chondrocyte divides?
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What molecular signal guides the differentiation of perichondrial cells into chondroblasts?
What molecular signal guides the differentiation of perichondrial cells into chondroblasts?
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What is the primary type of collagen secreted by chondrocytes in hyaline cartilage?
What is the primary type of collagen secreted by chondrocytes in hyaline cartilage?
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Which layer of the perichondrium is responsible for producing new cartilage cells?
Which layer of the perichondrium is responsible for producing new cartilage cells?
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Why is perichondrium absent in articular cartilage?
Why is perichondrium absent in articular cartilage?
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What characterizes elastic cartilage compared to hyaline cartilage?
What characterizes elastic cartilage compared to hyaline cartilage?
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In which structures is hyaline cartilage predominantly found?
In which structures is hyaline cartilage predominantly found?
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What degenerative change occurs in osteoarthritis?
What degenerative change occurs in osteoarthritis?
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How are chondrocytes organized in fibrocartilage?
How are chondrocytes organized in fibrocartilage?
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What type of cartilage is found in the epiglottis and external ear?
What type of cartilage is found in the epiglottis and external ear?
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What is the role of blood vessels in the perichondrium?
What is the role of blood vessels in the perichondrium?
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Which cartilage type does not undergo calcification?
Which cartilage type does not undergo calcification?
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Study Notes
Cartilage Overview
- Cartilage is a specialized connective tissue possessing resilience, rigidity, and elasticity.
- It's crucial in fetal skeleton development and growing bones.
- The matrix, comprising 95% of cartilage, provides resilience.
- Cells called chondrocytes form the remaining 5%.
Cartilage Types
- Three cartilage types exist, characterized by their extracellular matrix:
- Hyaline
- Elastic
- Fibrocartilage
Hyaline Cartilage
- Appears glassy in the living state.
- Sections reveal a smooth, amorphous matrix.
- Lacunae (spaces) house chondrocytes.
- Chondrocytes produce the matrix.
- Locations include the nasal septum, larynx, trachea, and articular cartilage of synovial joints.
- Also found in the epiphyseal plate of long bones during growth.
- Prone to calcification during aging.
Elastic Cartilage
- Characterized by elastin fibers.
- Its matrix contains a network of branching, anastomosing elastic fibers and sheets.
- This gives the cartilage elasticity.
- Found in the external ear, epiglottis, eustachian tube (auditory tube).
- Does not undergo calcification.
Fibrocartilage
- A combination of dense regular connective tissue and hyaline cartilage.
- Chondrocytes are dispersed among collagen fibers (in rows or groups).
- Found in the annulus fibrosus of intervertebral discs, symphysis pubis, articular discs (temporomandibular and sterno-clavicular joints), menisci of the knee joint, and the triangular fibrocartilage complex of the wrist.
- Not covered with perichondrium.
Chondrocytes
- Distributed singly or in clusters called isogenous groups.
- Cells in isogenous groups are newly divided cells.
- Their matrix secretion activity causes dispersion.
- Cytoplasm appearance varies based on activity levels (active/inactive).
- Active cells have basophilic cytoplasm (protein synthesis) and visible Golgi apparatus.
- Inactive cells show glycogen storage and lipid droplets.
Matrix Composition
- Extracellular matrix consists of collagen, proteoglycans, and multiadhesive glycoproteins.
- Collagen, primarily Type II, provides tensile strength and shape.
- Proteoglycans, including aggrecans, bind water molecules, resisting swelling pressure.
- Multiadhesive glycoproteins influence chondrocyte-matrix interactions.
- Regions of the matrix (capsular, territorial, interterritorial) differ in staining intensity reflecting proteoglycan concentration.
Chondrogenesis
- The process of cartilage formation.
- Most cartilage arises from mesenchyme/mesoderm cells and, in some regions, ectomesenchyme.
- Cells aggregate to form chondrogenic nodules.
- Chondrocytes secrete the cartilage matrix influencing the formation of the matrix.
Cartilage Growth
- Two types: Appositional & Interstitial
- Appositional occurs on the surface, driven by chondroblasts originating from the perichondrium.
- Interstitial happens within the cartilage tissue (chondrocyte division) causing matrix deposition and expansion from within the tissue.
Cartilage Calcification
- Calcium phosphate crystals embed in the matrix.
- This occurs during bone growth, endochondral ossification, and aging, especially in tracheal cartilage.
- Calcification leads to chondrocyte death due to impaired nutrition.
Cartilage Repair
- Cartilage repair is limited due to its avascularity and the limited proliferative ability of mature chondrocytes.
- Formation of new blood vessels can stimulate bone formation instead of cartilage repair.
Articuluar Cartilage
- Special hyaline cartilage found on joint surfaces.
- No perichondrium present
- Is considered a remnant of the original hyaline cartilage template.
- Is important part of synovial joints.
Reference Materials
- Numerous detailed textbooks and atlases were used for these notes. Please consult relevant resources for further information.
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of cartilage, a specialized connective tissue crucial for fetal development and bone growth. This quiz covers the different types of cartilage, including hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage, along with their unique features and functions in the body. Test your knowledge on the characteristics and locations of these essential tissues.
