Cartilage and Bone Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary characteristic of the matrix in cartilage?

It is rigid and brittle.

It is entirely solid and non-flexible.

It is rubbery and flexible. (correct)

It is fluid-like and unstable.

Which of the following cell types are found in cartilage?

Adipocytes and macrophages.

Osteoblasts and osteocytes.

Fibroblasts and mast cells.

Chondroblasts and chondrocytes. (correct)

What is the role of the perichondrium in cartilage?

It is responsible for the formation of hyaline cartilage.

It acts as a rigid outer layer.

It provides nerve supply to the cartilage.

It serves as a nutrient source via diffusion. (correct)

What are the three types of cartilage based on?

Amount of ground substance and type of fibers. Signup and view all the answers

How does cartilage provide support to soft tissues?

By offering some flexibility. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of chondrocytes in cartilage?

To form small nests within lacunae Signup and view all the answers

What type of cartilage is found in the intervertebral disc?

Fibrocartilage Signup and view all the answers

Which structure primarily provides strength and limited mobility at joints?

Annulus fibrosus Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when there is herniation of the nucleus pulposus?

Compression of nerve roots Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of cartilage?

It is flexible and can recover its shape after deformation Signup and view all the answers

What occurs at the primary ossification center?

Increased chondrogenic activity leads to the formation of periosteum. Signup and view all the answers

In which part of a long bone does the secondary ossification center develop?

Epiphysis Signup and view all the answers

Which zone of the epiphyseal cartilage involves the accumulation of glycogen and alkaline phosphatase enzyme?

Zone of hypertrophy Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of osteoblasts during the ossification process?

To form a layer of periosteal bone collar. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in the zone of invasion of the epiphyseal cartilage?

Blood vessels and U.M.C form a vascular bud. Signup and view all the answers

What is the appearance of chondrocytes during tissue preparation?

They shrink, making lacunae appear empty. Signup and view all the answers

What is formed by clusters of dividing chondrocytes?

Isogenous groups Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of protein-forming cells in cartilage?

To maintain the matrix through continuous secretion. Signup and view all the answers

What type of growth does cartilage undergo when young chondrocytes divide?

Interstitial growth Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of elastic cartilage?

Contains a large number of branching elastic fibers. Signup and view all the answers

What changes occur in old chondrocytes?

They accumulate large lipid droplets and glycogen. Signup and view all the answers

What type of collagen is primarily formed in cartilage?

Collagen type II Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes tough cartilage from hyaline cartilage?

It is opaque and not flexible. Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the acute inflammatory response during the healing process of a fracture?

Cytokines from platelet degranulation Signup and view all the answers

Which method allows for the demonstration of bone cells and soft tissue?

Decalcification method Signup and view all the answers

What is characteristic of the grinding method used on bones?

Ground sections show bone lamellae and lacunae Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bone is classified as compact bone?

Long bone Signup and view all the answers

What is found under the periosteum of a long bone?

External circumferential lamellae Signup and view all the answers

What are Haversian systems also known as?

Osteons Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statement regarding Volkmann's canal is correct?

It runs perpendicular to Haversian canals Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical classification refers to bones shaped like cubes?

Short bones Signup and view all the answers

What is the tubular system formed with T-tubules called in cardiac muscle at the level of Z-line?

Diad Signup and view all the answers

Where are glycogen granules mainly concentrated in cardiac muscle cells?

Between myofibrils Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is contained in atrial granules within the heart?

Atrial natriuretic hormone Signup and view all the answers

What do desmosomes and adherent junctions do in cardiac muscle cells?

Prevent separation during contractions Signup and view all the answers

What shape do the discs of cardiac muscle cells resemble?

Stairway Signup and view all the answers

What is located in the right ventricle and contains Purkinje muscle fibers?

Moderator band Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of Purkinje muscle fibers compared to ordinary cardiac muscle fibers?

Larger diameter Signup and view all the answers

What prevents gap junctions in cardiac muscle cells from being damaged during contractions?

Lateral position within the disc Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cartilage

Specialized connective tissue with a rubbery matrix, designed to withstand mechanical stress.
Composed of chondroblasts (cells that produce matrix) and chondrocytes (cells within matrix).
Matrix includes ground substance (abundant, firm, and rubbery), and collagen and elastic fibers.
Avascular; relies on diffusion of oxygen and nutrients from surrounding connective tissues (perichondrium) or synovial fluid in joints.
Lacks blood vessels and nerves.
Three types: hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage, distinguished by the type and amount of fibers in the matrix.

Hyaline Cartilage

Most common type, appearing translucent and glassy.
Found in fetal skeletons, articular surfaces of bones, costal cartilage, and respiratory passages (nose, larynx, trachea, and bronchi).
Matrix is mostly collagen type II.
Chondrocytes are arranged in lacunae and are typically in small groups.
Surrounded by perichondrium (a layer of dense connective tissue).
Supports soft tissues with flexibility, helps with weight-bearing and shock absorption, and facilitates easy movement at joints.

Perichondrium

Capsule-like covering around hyaline cartilage (except at articular surfaces).
Consists of two layers: outer fibrous (white fibrous connective tissue) containing fibroblasts that secrete collagen type I, as well as blood vessels and nerves; inner chondrogenic (cellular) with chondroblasts, crucial for cartilage nutrition (by diffusion).
Essential for cartilage nutrition and growth, and also for attachment of muscles.
Collagen fibers: Type II, not visible by light microscopy (LM) due to their thinness and similar refractive index to the ground substance. Visible after digestion of the matrix by enzymes.
Ground substance: produced by chondrocytes and chondroblasts, rubbery, homogeneous, and transparent; characterized by its high content of proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and water; stained metachromatically (e.g., with toluidine blue).

Cartilage Cells

Chondroblasts: young cells that actively produce cartilage matrix, flattened or oval with a basophilic cytoplasm and pale nucleus; located on the surface of cartilage; give rise to chondrocytes.
Chondrocytes: mature cells maintained within spaces (lacunae) located within the matrix, rounded cells; typically seen within groups, with pale cytoplasm and a darker-staining nucleus; become trapped as the matrix hardens around the cells.

Cartilage Function

Supports soft tissues with flexibility
Keeps airway patent (open)
Tissue attachment & weight bearing, shock absorbing
Smooth surface for easy movement of bones
Development and growth of bones

Bone

Highly vascularized, hard connective tissue composed of a calcified matrix.
Provides support, protection (e.g., brain, bone marrow), and mineral storage (mainly calcium).
Matrix: organic (collagen fibers, ground substance) and inorganic (calcium salts).
Covers bone surface: periosteum (outer) and endosteum (inner).
Three types of cells (in order): osteogenic, osteoblasts, and osteocytes, and osteoclasts.

Bone Composition

Organic Parts (35%): Type I collagen fibers in thick bundles and ground substance (glycosaminoglycans, glycoproteins).
Inorganic Parts (65%): Calcium salts (mainly calcium phosphate and carbonate) deposited within and on surface of collagen bundles. These give the bone its hardness.

Bone Coverings

Periosteum: Tough, fibrous outer layer of dense irregular connective tissue; contains blood vessels and nerves; covers outer surface of bone, except at articular surfaces. Essential for bone nutrition, growth, and repair, and attachment of tendons and ligaments.
Endosteum: Delicate inner layer of connective tissue; lining the bone's inner surface, including the medullary cavity and trabeculae; contains osteogenic cells that aid in bone growth by adding from inside (internal growth), in bone repair, and nutrition of the bone surface

Bone Covering Function

Periosteum:
Protection of bone
Attachment for muscles, tendons, ligaments.
Bone nutrition (through blood vessels)
Growth and repair
Endosteum:
Protection of bone surface
Bone growth from the inside (internal growth)
Essential part of bone remodeling

Bone Cells

Osteogenic cells: Undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells from the periosteum or endosteum. Give rise to osteoblasts.
Osteoblasts: Immature bone-forming cells; found on bone surfaces. Secrete a matrix composed mainly of collagen and proteins, which later calcifies to make bone.
Osteocytes: Mature osteoblasts that are encased in the bone matrix; maintain bone tissue. Connect to each other through canaliculi - allowing them to communicate via processes in the hard matrix.
Osteoclasts: Bone-resorbing cells; participate in remodeling and regulate calcium homeostasis. Large, multinucleated cells that breakdown bone tissue by decalcification.

Bone Classifications

Anatomical: Long, short, flat, irregular
Histological: Compact, spongy
Compact Bone: Dense, outer layer of bone; composed of osteons (Haversian systems), cylindrical units of calcified bone lamellae surrounding a central canal with nerves and blood vessels. Interstitial lamellae fill gaps between osteons. Outer circumferential and inner circumferential lamellae surround the entire outer/inner surface of compact bone respectively.
Spongy Bone: Porous inner layer of bone, found in the interior of flat bones, and within epiphyses of long bones; consists of trabeculae, interlocking bony struts, filled with bone marrow; Provides strength and lightness.
Volkmann's canals: Canals that traverse compact bone and connect Haversian canals with bone marrow and periosteum.
Perforating fibers of Sharpey: Collagen fibers that attach tendons and ligaments to the bone matrix.

Muscle Tissue

Muscle tissue specialized for contraction, facilitating movement.
Divided into three types - skeletal, cardiac, and smooth - each possessing distinct structural and functional characteristics.

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

Attaches to bones, enabling voluntary movement.
Composed of elongated muscle cells called fibers.
Striated appearance due to orderly arrangement of contractile proteins.
Multinucleated, with nuclei located peripherally.
Requires signal from the nervous system to contract.

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

Found exclusively in the heart.
Branched, striated appearance.
Intercalated discs (specialized junctions) connect adjacent cells, facilitating rapid transmission of signals for coordinated contraction.
Involuntary movement.
Single nucleus located centrally.

Smooth Muscle Tissue

Located in walls of internal organs and blood vessels.
Non-striated appearance, with a spindle-shaped cell form.
Single nucleus in the cell's center.
Involuntary contraction, controlled by autonomic nervous system and hormones.

Skin

Protective covering of the body.
Two main layers - epidermis, dermis and hypodermis
Hypodermis - important for insulation.
The function of the skin is protection.
Skin repairs through various cells.
Also a site for many receptors and cell communication

Epidermis

Outermost layer of skin, mostly keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
Avascular, nutrition by diffusion from dermis.
Consists of five layers — Stratum basale, Stratum spinosum, Stratum granulosum, Stratum lucidum, and Stratum corneum.

Dermis

Deep layer of skin, consisting of connective tissue (CT), rich in collagen and elastin fibers.
Responsible for skin's strength, flexibility, and elasticity.
Contains blood vessels, nerves, and specialized sensory receptors.
Two sublayers - papillary layer and reticular layer.

Hypodermis

Subcutaneous tissue, not a part of skin.
Layer below dermis, highly vascular, mostly adipose CT, providing insulation and cushioning.
Connects skin to underlying tissues.

Skin Appendages

(Hair Follicles):
Epithelial tube extending into the dermis or hypodermis.
Contains hair shaft (outer, part of the hair shaft).
Muscle bundles which attached to hair follicle.
(Sebaceous glands):
Simple alveolar glands associated with hair follicles; secrete sebum (oily substance) that keeps hair and skin soft and waterproof.
(Sweat glands):
Produce sweat (water, salts, urea); responsible for thermoregulation and excretion. Two types — eccrine (most abundant) and apocrine (associated with hair follicles; larger secretion volume).

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Description

Test your knowledge on the characteristics, types, and functions of cartilage as well as the processes of ossification in bones. This quiz covers essential aspects such as the roles of chondrocytes and osteoblasts, the structure of cartilage, and bone development. Perfect for students studying anatomy or related fields.