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Questions and Answers
Which factor is NOT considered essential for growth and sound development according to Carl Rogers?
Which factor is NOT considered essential for growth and sound development according to Carl Rogers?
Which of the following statements about traits is accurate?
Which of the following statements about traits is accurate?
According to Eysenck's theory, which pair of traits is NOT part of his personality dimensions?
According to Eysenck's theory, which pair of traits is NOT part of his personality dimensions?
Which of the following best describes Allport's main focus in personality psychology?
Which of the following best describes Allport's main focus in personality psychology?
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In the Five-Factor Theory of Personality, high neuroticism is associated with which of the following characteristics?
In the Five-Factor Theory of Personality, high neuroticism is associated with which of the following characteristics?
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Which of the following statements accurately distinguishes surface traits from source traits?
Which of the following statements accurately distinguishes surface traits from source traits?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of someone who scores high in agreeableness?
Which of the following is a characteristic of someone who scores high in agreeableness?
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How did Cattell contribute to the understanding of personality traits?
How did Cattell contribute to the understanding of personality traits?
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What concept explains the unresolved feelings a female may experience due to not having a penis?
What concept explains the unresolved feelings a female may experience due to not having a penis?
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How does a child's superego typically strengthen during development?
How does a child's superego typically strengthen during development?
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During which stage are children's sexual feelings considered dormant?
During which stage are children's sexual feelings considered dormant?
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What is considered the primary defense mechanism that underlies all others?
What is considered the primary defense mechanism that underlies all others?
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What behavior exemplifies regression as a defense mechanism?
What behavior exemplifies regression as a defense mechanism?
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What is the primary focus during the genital stage of development?
What is the primary focus during the genital stage of development?
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Which of the following best describes projection as a defense mechanism?
Which of the following best describes projection as a defense mechanism?
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What impact do early childhood relationships have on an individual?
What impact do early childhood relationships have on an individual?
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Which defense mechanism involves justifying behavior to distort reality?
Which defense mechanism involves justifying behavior to distort reality?
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What is the primary focus of humanistic psychology?
What is the primary focus of humanistic psychology?
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Which of the following best describes the process of sublimation?
Which of the following best describes the process of sublimation?
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What role does operant conditioning play in behavioral psychology?
What role does operant conditioning play in behavioral psychology?
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How does displacement function as a defense mechanism?
How does displacement function as a defense mechanism?
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Which of these statements reflects the concept of reaction formation?
Which of these statements reflects the concept of reaction formation?
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What factor does behavioral psychology claim is crucial for personality development?
What factor does behavioral psychology claim is crucial for personality development?
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Which statement best characterizes denial of reality as a defense mechanism?
Which statement best characterizes denial of reality as a defense mechanism?
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What erogenous zone is the focus during the oral stage of psychosexual development?
What erogenous zone is the focus during the oral stage of psychosexual development?
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A child with an anal retentive personality is likely to display which of the following traits?
A child with an anal retentive personality is likely to display which of the following traits?
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What psychological conflict do boys experience during the phallic stage?
What psychological conflict do boys experience during the phallic stage?
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If a child experiences fixation at the oral stage, they might develop which of the following personalities?
If a child experiences fixation at the oral stage, they might develop which of the following personalities?
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During which stage do children learn to postpone pleasure by coping with demands for control?
During which stage do children learn to postpone pleasure by coping with demands for control?
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What is a possible consequence of a child being raised by overly demanding parents during the anal stage?
What is a possible consequence of a child being raised by overly demanding parents during the anal stage?
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What is castration anxiety, as described in the phallic stage of development?
What is castration anxiety, as described in the phallic stage of development?
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What kind of personality traits might a child with anal fixation exhibit?
What kind of personality traits might a child with anal fixation exhibit?
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Which term describes the notion that personality shapes how we interpret and react to events?
Which term describes the notion that personality shapes how we interpret and react to events?
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What does an individual with an internal locus of control believe?
What does an individual with an internal locus of control believe?
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Which learning method involves imitating the behavior of others?
Which learning method involves imitating the behavior of others?
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According to Bandura, which of the following is a key component of how behavior is developed?
According to Bandura, which of the following is a key component of how behavior is developed?
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What happens when the ego is overwhelmed by the id, according to Freud?
What happens when the ego is overwhelmed by the id, according to Freud?
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What is the primary focus of personal control in Rotter's theory?
What is the primary focus of personal control in Rotter's theory?
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In Bandura’s social cognitive perspective, which of the following best describes 'Conditioning'?
In Bandura’s social cognitive perspective, which of the following best describes 'Conditioning'?
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Which concept suggests that anxious individuals are more likely to perceive threats?
Which concept suggests that anxious individuals are more likely to perceive threats?
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Study Notes
Carl Rogers: Person-Centred Perspective
- Emphasizes individual growth and fulfillment.
- Defines self and self-concept as organized perceptions and beliefs about oneself.
- Key factors needed for development: genuineness, acceptance, empathy.
Trait Perspective
- Views personality as enduring behavior patterns or traits.
- Traits defined as characteristic patterns of behavior and disposition.
- Allport identified over 17,000 adjectives for personality description.
- Cattell used factor analysis to refine traits, identifying 35 surface traits and eventually 16 source traits.
- Source traits are stable and essential for personality; surface traits show correlation.
- Eysenck's model includes the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire with three dimensions:
- Extraversion vs. Introversion
- Emotional stability vs. Emotional instability
- Neuroticism vs. Psychoticism
Five-Factor Theory of Personality
-
Conscientiousness:
- Disorganized, careless, impulsive ↔ Organized, careful, disciplined
-
Agreeableness:
- Ruthless, suspicious, uncooperative ↔ Soft-hearted, trusting, helpful
-
Neuroticism:
- Calm, secure, self-satisfied ↔ Anxious, insecure, self-pitying
-
Openness:
- Practical, routine-oriented ↔ Imaginative, variety-seeking, independent
Psychosexual Stages of Development
-
Oral (0-18 months):
- Focus on mouth; fixation can lead to oral passive or aggressive personalities.
-
Anal (18 months - 3 years):
- Focus on bowel control; fixation results in anal retentive or aggressive personalities.
-
Phallic (3-6 years):
- Focus on genitals; involves Oedipus and Electra complexes, influencing identity and values.
-
Latency (6-puberty):
- Dormant sexual feelings; focus on activities and same-sex friendships.
-
Genital (puberty onwards):
- Maturation of sexual interests; aims for satisfaction in work and relationships.
Defence Mechanisms
- Unconscious strategies to reduce anxiety by distorting reality.
- Repression: Blocking anxiety-provoking thoughts.
- Regression: Returning to safer, earlier developmental stages.
- Projection: Attributing unwanted feelings to others.
- Reaction Formation: Converting unwanted thoughts into opposite behaviors.
- Rationalization: Justifying anxiety-provoking behaviors.
- Displacement: Redirecting feelings to other subjects/matters.
- Denial of Reality: Refusing to accept painful thoughts or feelings.
- Sublimation: Channeling unacceptable impulses into constructive activities.
Behaviourism View of Personality Development
- Emphasizes environmental influence and learning experiences.
- Operant Conditioning: Behavior shaped by reinforcement (BF Skinner).
- Early childhood influences personality through observation and imitation of role models.
Humanistic Psychology View of Personality
- Focuses on individual uniqueness and personal growth.
- Emerges as a response to the deterministic views of psychoanalysis and behaviorism.
- Highlights free will, self-efficacy, and self-actualization.
Social Cognitive Perspective
- Bandura's theory includes conditioning and observational learning.
- Reciprocal Determinism: Interaction of behavior, cognition, and environment influences personality and perceptions.
-
Locus of Control:
- External locus perceives fate as controlled by outside forces.
- Internal locus believes in personal control over fate.
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Description
Explore the theories of Carl Rogers' person-centred perspective and the trait perspective of personality. This quiz assesses your understanding of self-concept, personal growth factors, and trait theories. Gain insight into how personality traits and self-perception influence individual behaviour.
