Caries Prevention in Adults Learning Outcomes Quiz

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Which of the following is the most cost-effective public health measure to prevent dental caries?

Chlorhexidine/thymol varnish

Antimicrobial mouthrinses

Community water-fluoridation (correct)

Sugar-free chewing gum

What is the recommended free sugar intake according to the WHO and SACN?

10% of daily energy intake

5% of daily energy intake (correct)

20% of daily energy intake

15% of daily energy intake

What is the primary purpose of using sugar-free chewing gum for 10-20 minutes after meals?

To reduce coronal caries (correct)

To reduce gum disease

To increase saliva flow rate

To strengthen tooth enamel

What is the highest standard of evidence for the effectiveness of fluoride toothpaste?

Higher fluoride toothpastes (1000 ppm or higher) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of dental sealants for adults?

Preventing initiation of caries Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of non-fluoride remineralizing agents?

To remineralize caries lesions Signup and view all the answers

What strategy should be employed to prevent further demineralization and possibly reverse the caries process in favor of remineralization?

Improved biofilm removal Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended approach for managing early caries lesions?

Least invasive approach Signup and view all the answers

Which agent is effective in arresting dentin but has limited evidence for early enamel caries remineralization?

38% silver diamine fluoride Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of resin infiltration in managing caries lesions?

To prevent further demineralization Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy is applicable for both primary and secondary prevention of dental caries?

Increased biofilm removal Signup and view all the answers

What should be assessed to determine the activity state of early caries lesions?

Activity state (progressing, arrested, regressing) Signup and view all the answers

Which fluoride treatment is applied by the patient at home and requires no eating or drinking for 30 minutes after?

Fluoride paste/gel/foam Signup and view all the answers

Which fluoride treatment is typically applied by the dentist in the clinic and contains 38% Silver diamine fluoride?

Silver diamine fluoride varnish Signup and view all the answers

Which fluoride treatment is professionally applied and contains 5% NaF (2.26% F-)?

Fluoride varnish Signup and view all the answers

Which fluoride treatment is applied by the patient at home with a weekly application of 0.2% NaF (900ppm F-)?

Fluoride mouthwash Signup and view all the answers

Which fluoride treatment is professionally applied and contains 1.23% F- (12300 ppm F)?

Fluoride gel (Neutral and APF) Signup and view all the answers

Which fluoride treatment is applied by the patient at home instead of daily toothpaste with a size of a pea?

Fluoride paste/gel/foam Signup and view all the answers

Which fluoride treatment is applied by the dentist in the clinic with a typical application of 0.2-0.5 ml varnish?

Fluoride varnish Signup and view all the answers

Which fluoride treatment is applied by the dentist in the clinic with a 2%NaF content (0.9% F- - 9040 ppm F)?

Fluoride gel (Neutral and APF) Signup and view all the answers

"Resin Infiltration Technique" is referenced in which source about dental caries prevention and management?

"White Paper on Dental Caries Prevention and Management" by Pitts, N., & Zero, D. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of caries prevention in the absence of the disease?

Preventing exposure to what causes the disease Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of tertiary prevention for caries?

Restoring function and aesthetics Signup and view all the answers

What is the level of evidence for sealants as a caries prevention strategy?

Level 2 Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fluoride application is considered a professional application?

Fluoride gel Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of secondary prevention for caries?

Reducing the impact of caries as early as possible by preventing further tooth destruction Signup and view all the answers

Which caries prevention strategy involves chewing gum for salivary stimulation?

Salivary stimulation Signup and view all the answers

Which caries prevention strategy aims at reducing the impact of caries as early as possible by preventing further tooth destruction?

Sealants Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using sugar-free chewing gum for 10-20 minutes after meals?

To increase salivary stimulation Signup and view all the answers

Which fluoride treatment is applied by the dentist in the clinic with a typical application of 0.2-0.5 ml varnish?

Fluoride gel Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended free sugar intake according to the WHO and SACN?

Less than 5 grams per day Signup and view all the answers

Which fluoride treatment is professionally applied and contains 1.23% F- (12300 ppm F)?

Fluoride varnish Signup and view all the answers

What strategy should be employed to prevent further demineralization and possibly reverse the caries process in favor of remineralization?

Non-fluoride remineralizing agents Signup and view all the answers

Which fluoride treatment is applied by the patient at home with a weekly application of 0.2% NaF (900ppm F-)?

Fluoride drops Signup and view all the answers

What should be assessed to determine the activity state of early caries lesions?

Caries lesion color changes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of dental sealants for adults?

Prevent further tooth destruction Signup and view all the answers

What is the highest standard of evidence for the effectiveness of fluoride toothpaste?

Level 1 evidence Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy is applicable for both primary and secondary prevention of dental caries?

Fluoride application Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of non-fluoride remineralizing agents?

To prevent further demineralization Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy is applicable for both primary and secondary prevention of dental caries?

Biofilm control Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended approach for managing early caries lesions?

Resin infiltration Signup and view all the answers

Which fluoride treatment is professionally applied and contains 5% NaF (2.26% F-)?

5% NaF varnish every 3 months Signup and view all the answers

What is the highest standard of evidence for the effectiveness of fluoride toothpaste?

$1000 ppm F or higher toothpaste Signup and view all the answers

What should be assessed to determine the activity state of early caries lesions?

Saliva flow rate and composition Signup and view all the answers

Which fluoride treatment is applied by the patient at home and requires no eating or drinking for 30 minutes after?

$1000 ppm F or higher toothpaste Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using sugar-free chewing gum for 10-20 minutes after meals?

To stimulate salivary flow Signup and view all the answers

Which agent is effective in arresting dentin but has limited evidence for early enamel caries remineralization?

38% silver diamine fluoride Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of resin infiltration in managing caries lesions?

To remineralize early enamel caries Signup and view all the answers

Which fluoride treatment is applied by the dentist in the clinic with a typical application of 0.2-0.5 ml varnish?

5% NaF varnish every 3 months Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended free sugar intake according to the WHO and SACN?

5% of daily energy intake Signup and view all the answers

Which fluoride treatment has the highest fluoride ion (F-) concentration when applied by the patient at home?

1.1% NaF gel (5000 ppm F-) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of silver diamine fluoride varnish applied by the dentist in the clinic?

Arresting dentin caries Signup and view all the answers

Which fluoride treatment is applied by the dentist in the clinic and contains 5% NaF (2.26% F-)?

Fluoride varnish Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended free sugar intake according to WHO and SACN?

< 25g/day Signup and view all the answers

Which fluoride treatment is a professional application and contains 38% Silver diamine fluoride (5-5.9% F-)?

Silver diamine fluoride varnish Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of resin infiltration in managing caries lesions?

To remineralize early caries lesions Signup and view all the answers

Which fluoride treatment is professionally applied and contains 1.23% F- (12300 ppm F)?

APF fluoride gel Signup and view all the answers

What strategy should be employed to prevent further demineralization and possibly reverse the caries process in favor of remineralization?

Silver diamine fluoride application Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of secondary prevention for caries?

To manage existing caries lesions and prevent their progression Signup and view all the answers

Which fluoride treatment is typically applied by the dentist in the clinic with a typical application of 0.2-0.5 ml varnish?

Fluoride varnish Signup and view all the answers

Which agent is effective in arresting dentin but has limited evidence for early enamel caries remineralization?

Silver diamine fluoride varnish Signup and view all the answers

What is the level of evidence for sealants as a caries prevention strategy?

Very high level of evidence Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of tertiary prevention for caries?

To soften the impact by preventing hard tissue destruction, pulpal involvement, and tooth loss, and restoring function and aesthetics. Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical application of fluoride varnish when professionally applied?

0.2-0.5 ml Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended approach for managing early caries lesions?

Early detection and prompt intervention Signup and view all the answers

Which fluoride treatment is applied by the patient at home instead of daily toothpaste?

Mouth rinse Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of resin infiltration in managing caries lesions?

To arrest early enamel caries and prevent further demineralization Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended free sugar intake according to the WHO and SACN?

Less than 5% of total energy intake Signup and view all the answers

Which caries prevention strategy involves chewing gum for salivary stimulation?

Salivary stimulation Signup and view all the answers

Which fluoride treatment has the highest fluoride ion concentration when applied by the patient at home?

Gel Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of dental sealants for adults?

To prevent further tooth destruction by preventing exposure to what causes caries Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of secondary prevention for caries?

To reduce the impact of caries as early as possible by preventing further tooth destruction Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using sugar-free chewing gum for 10-20 minutes after meals?

To increase saliva flow and neutralize plaque acids Signup and view all the answers

What is the level of evidence for sealants as a caries prevention strategy?

2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the fluoride ion concentration in 1% NaF paste or gel?

10000 ppm F- Signup and view all the answers

What is the fluoride ion concentration in 1.1% NaF used by the patient at home?

5000 ppm F- Signup and view all the answers

What fluoride treatment should be applied by the patient at home instead of daily toothpaste?

1.1% NaF - 5000 ppm F Signup and view all the answers

What is the fluoride ion concentration in 5% NaF fluoride varnish applied by the dentist in the clinic?

22600 ppm F- Signup and view all the answers

What is the fluoride ion concentration in Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride (APF) gel applied by the dentist in the clinic?

12300 ppm F- Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of Silver diamine fluoride varnish applied by the dentist in the clinic?

38% Silver diamine fluoride Signup and view all the answers

What is the fluoride ion concentration in 0.2% NaF fluoride mouthwash applied by the patient at home weekly?

900 ppm F- Signup and view all the answers

What is the fluoride ion concentration in 2%NaF fluoride gel (Neutral) applied by the dentist in the clinic?

9040 ppm F- Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of dental sealants for adults?

Seal or repair defective or carious margins of restorations Signup and view all the answers

What should be the immediate action after applying fluoride toothpaste to prolong the preventive effect of fluoride?

No rinsing mouth with water Signup and view all the answers

What is the fluoride ion concentration in 0.05% NaF fluoride mouthwash applied by the patient at home daily?

225 ppm F- Signup and view all the answers

What fluoride treatment should be applied by the patient at home after the procedure with no eating/drinking for 30 minutes?

Fluoride gel (Neutral and APF) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of sugar-free chewing gum for 10-20 minutes after meals?

Salivary stimulation Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended maximum daily intake of free sugar according to WHO and SACN?

5% of daily energy intake Signup and view all the answers

What is the most cost-effective public health measure to prevent dental caries?

Community water-fluoridation Signup and view all the answers

What is the highest standard of evidence for the effectiveness of fluoride toothpaste?

1000 ppm F and higher Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of non-fluoride remineralizing agents?

To remineralize caries lesions or arrest caries progression Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical application frequency of 5% NaF varnish for early enamel caries remineralization?

Every 3 months Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended approach for managing early caries lesions?

The least invasive approach that prevents disease progression Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of resin infiltration in managing caries lesions?

Minimal-invasive surgical procedures Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical fluoride concentration in 38% silver diamine fluoride used for arresting dentin?

38% Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of therapeutic dental sealants?

To reduce the number of viable bacteria and prevent caries progression Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended duration for chewing sugar-free gum after meals to reduce coronal caries?

10-20 minutes Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended frequency of recall visits for caries prevention?

Risk-based Signup and view all the answers

Controlling biofilm formation and toothbrushing and flossing alone have ______ evidence

weak Signup and view all the answers

Higher fluoride toothpastes are more effective, with the highest standard of evidence for effectiveness being ______

1000 ppm Signup and view all the answers

For older individuals, higher risk of root caries can be managed with 5000 ppm fluoride paste/gel ______ a day

twice Signup and view all the answers

Professional application of fluoride gels leads to a reduction of ______ in caries

21% Signup and view all the answers

Dental sealants are mostly used for ______ prevention in adults

secondary Signup and view all the answers

The recommended free sugar intake according to WHO and SACN is ______ of daily energy intake

5% Signup and view all the answers

Sugar-free chewing gum for 10-20 minutes after meals helps to reduce ______ caries

coronal Signup and view all the answers

Saliva flow rate and composition is important in salivary ______

stimulation/optimization Signup and view all the answers

5% NaF varnish is effective for early enamel caries ______

remineralization Signup and view all the answers

38% silver diamine fluoride is effective in arresting ______

dentin Signup and view all the answers

Therapeutic dental sealants reduce the number of viable bacteria when placed over ______ lesions

carious Signup and view all the answers

Management of early caries lesions should involve the least invasive approach that prevents disease progression and empowers the patient to improve and maintain their own ______ health

oral Signup and view all the answers

Primary prevention aims at preventing caries before it occurs by preventing exposure to what causes the disease — modifying unhealthy behaviors — increasing resistance to the disease. Most effectively done by preventing exposure to ______.

what causes the disease Signup and view all the answers

Secondary prevention aims at reducing the impact of caries as early as possible by preventing further tooth destruction. Accomplished through early detection and ______ intervention.

prompt Signup and view all the answers

Tertiary prevention aims at softening the impact of later stages of caries (cavity) by preventing — hard tissue destruction, — pulpal involvement and tooth loss, — restoring function and aesthetics. Tertiary prevention is for later stages of caries such as ______.

cavity Signup and view all the answers

The level of evidence for fluoride as a caries prevention strategy is to .

highest, lowest Signup and view all the answers

Sealants are highly effective if applied ______.

correctly Signup and view all the answers

Salivary stimulation can be achieved through ______ gum.

chewing Signup and view all the answers

Behavioral changes in ______ are an important aspect of caries prevention.

diet Signup and view all the answers

Antimicrobial strategies can be -specific or -specific.

non, targeted Signup and view all the answers

The primary aim of dental sealants is ______ prevention.

caries Signup and view all the answers

5% NaF varnish is a professional application of ______.

fluoride Signup and view all the answers

The typical concentration of fluoride in 38% silver diamine fluoride used for arresting dentin is ______.

38% Signup and view all the answers

The primary aim of caries prevention in the absence of the disease is to prevent exposure to ______.

what causes the disease Signup and view all the answers

Application Procedures: Fluoride toothpaste is applied by the patient at home. Adults > 1000 ppm F ion (F-) — Brush can be ______ before paste is applied

dry/wet Signup and view all the answers

Application Procedures: Fluoride toothpaste is applied by the patient at home. Adults > 1000 ppm F ion (F-) — Instead of wetting to soften the bristles, a ______ brush is recommended

softer Signup and view all the answers

Application Procedures: Fluoride toothpaste is applied by the patient at home. Adults > 1000 ppm F ion (F-) — After brushing, excess paste should be ______

spit Signup and view all the answers

Application Procedures: Fluoride toothpaste is applied by the patient at home. Adults > 1000 ppm F ion (F-) — Immediately after brushing, it is recommended to not rinse the mouth with ______

water Signup and view all the answers

Application Procedures: Fluoride paste/gel/foam is applied by the patient at home. 1.1% NaF - 5000 ppm F— Instead of daily toothpaste, the application is the same as traditional fluoride toothpastes — After the procedure, no eating/drinking for ______

30 mins Signup and view all the answers

Application Procedures: Fluoride mouthwash is applied by the patient at home — 0.2% NaF (900ppm F-) → weekly application — 0.05% NaF (225 ppm F-) → daily ______

application Signup and view all the answers

Application Procedures: Fluoride varnish is applied by the dentist in the clinic — 1 ml/50 mg NaF → 22.6 mg F— 5% NaF → 2.26% F- → 22600 ppm F— Typical application 0.2-0.5 ml varnish → 5-11 mg F(5000-11000 ______)

ppm Signup and view all the answers

Application Procedures: Fluoride gel (Neutral and APF) is applied by the dentist in the clinic — Neutral NaF: 2%NaF → 0.9% F- → 9040 ppm F— Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride (APF): 1.23% F- →12300 ______

ppm F Signup and view all the answers

Application Procedures: Silver diamine fluoride varnish is applied by the dentist in the clinic — 38% Silver diamine fluoride (5-5.9% F-) — ______

Applied by Signup and view all the answers

Application Procedures: Chlorhexidine varnish is applied by the dentist in the clinic — ______

Professionally Signup and view all the answers

References & further reading — Pitts, N., & Zero, D. (2016). White Paper on Dental Caries Prevention and Management: A summary of the current evidence and the key issues in controlling this preventable disease. FDI World Dental Press Ltd. — Ismail, A.I., Pitts, N.B. & Tellez, M. The International Caries Classification and Management System (ICCMS™) An Example of a Caries Management Pathway. BMC Oral Health 15, S9 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6831-15- S1-S9 — Evans RW, Pakdaman A, Dennison PJ, Howe EL. The Caries Management System: an evidence-based preventive strategy for dental practitioners. Application for adults. Aust Dent J. 2008 Mar;53(1):83-92. doi: 10.1111/ j.1834-7819.2007.00004.x. — Pitts, N., & Zero, D. (2016). White Paper on Dental Caries Prevention and Management: A summary of the current evidence and the key issues in controlling this preventable disease. FDI World Dental Press Ltd. — Ismail, A.I., Pitts, N.B. & Tellez, M. The International Caries Classification and Management System (ICCMS™) An Example of a Caries Management Pathway. BMC Oral Health 15, S9 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6831-15- S1-S9

Resin Infiltration Technique Signup and view all the answers

______ — Evans RW, Pakdaman A, Dennison PJ, Howe EL. The Caries Management System: an evidence-based preventive strategy for dental practitioners. Application for adults. Aust Dent J. 2008 Mar;53(1):83-92. doi: 10.1111/ j.1834-7819.2007.00004.x. — Pitts, N., & Zero, D. (2016). White Paper on Dental Caries Prevention and Management: A summary of the current evidence and the key issues in controlling this preventable disease. FDI World Dental Press Ltd. — Ismail, A.I., Pitts, N.B. & Tellez, M. The International Caries Classification and Management System (ICCMS™) An Example of a Caries Management Pathway. BMC Oral Health 15, S9 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6831-15- S1-S9

References & further reading Signup and view all the answers

Caries Prevention in Adults Learning Outcomes Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is the most cost-effective public health measure to prevent dental caries?

What is the recommended free sugar intake according to the WHO and SACN?

What is the primary purpose of using sugar-free chewing gum for 10-20 minutes after meals?

What is the highest standard of evidence for the effectiveness of fluoride toothpaste?

What is the primary use of dental sealants for adults?

What is the purpose of non-fluoride remineralizing agents?

What strategy should be employed to prevent further demineralization and possibly reverse the caries process in favor of remineralization?

What is the recommended approach for managing early caries lesions?

Which agent is effective in arresting dentin but has limited evidence for early enamel caries remineralization?

What is the primary purpose of resin infiltration in managing caries lesions?

Which strategy is applicable for both primary and secondary prevention of dental caries?

What should be assessed to determine the activity state of early caries lesions?

Which fluoride treatment is applied by the patient at home and requires no eating or drinking for 30 minutes after?

Which fluoride treatment is typically applied by the dentist in the clinic and contains 38% Silver diamine fluoride?

Which fluoride treatment is professionally applied and contains 5% NaF (2.26% F-)?

Which fluoride treatment is applied by the patient at home with a weekly application of 0.2% NaF (900ppm F-)?

Which fluoride treatment is professionally applied and contains 1.23% F- (12300 ppm F)?

Which fluoride treatment is applied by the patient at home instead of daily toothpaste with a size of a pea?

Which fluoride treatment is applied by the dentist in the clinic with a typical application of 0.2-0.5 ml varnish?

Which fluoride treatment is applied by the dentist in the clinic with a 2%NaF content (0.9% F- - 9040 ppm F)?

"Resin Infiltration Technique" is referenced in which source about dental caries prevention and management?

What is the primary aim of caries prevention in the absence of the disease?

Which of the following is an example of tertiary prevention for caries?

What is the level of evidence for sealants as a caries prevention strategy?

Which type of fluoride application is considered a professional application?

What is the primary aim of secondary prevention for caries?

Which caries prevention strategy involves chewing gum for salivary stimulation?

Which caries prevention strategy aims at reducing the impact of caries as early as possible by preventing further tooth destruction?

What is the primary purpose of using sugar-free chewing gum for 10-20 minutes after meals?

Which fluoride treatment is applied by the dentist in the clinic with a typical application of 0.2-0.5 ml varnish?

What is the recommended free sugar intake according to the WHO and SACN?

Which fluoride treatment is professionally applied and contains 1.23% F- (12300 ppm F)?

What strategy should be employed to prevent further demineralization and possibly reverse the caries process in favor of remineralization?

Which fluoride treatment is applied by the patient at home with a weekly application of 0.2% NaF (900ppm F-)?

What should be assessed to determine the activity state of early caries lesions?

What is the primary use of dental sealants for adults?

What is the highest standard of evidence for the effectiveness of fluoride toothpaste?

Which strategy is applicable for both primary and secondary prevention of dental caries?

What is the primary aim of non-fluoride remineralizing agents?

Which strategy is applicable for both primary and secondary prevention of dental caries?

What is the recommended approach for managing early caries lesions?

Which fluoride treatment is professionally applied and contains 5% NaF (2.26% F-)?

What is the highest standard of evidence for the effectiveness of fluoride toothpaste?

What should be assessed to determine the activity state of early caries lesions?

Which fluoride treatment is applied by the patient at home and requires no eating or drinking for 30 minutes after?

What is the primary purpose of using sugar-free chewing gum for 10-20 minutes after meals?

Which agent is effective in arresting dentin but has limited evidence for early enamel caries remineralization?

What is the primary purpose of resin infiltration in managing caries lesions?

Which fluoride treatment is applied by the dentist in the clinic with a typical application of 0.2-0.5 ml varnish?

What is the recommended free sugar intake according to the WHO and SACN?

Which fluoride treatment has the highest fluoride ion (F-) concentration when applied by the patient at home?

What is the primary use of silver diamine fluoride varnish applied by the dentist in the clinic?

Which fluoride treatment is applied by the dentist in the clinic and contains 5% NaF (2.26% F-)?

What is the recommended free sugar intake according to WHO and SACN?

Which fluoride treatment is a professional application and contains 38% Silver diamine fluoride (5-5.9% F-)?

What is the primary purpose of resin infiltration in managing caries lesions?

Which fluoride treatment is professionally applied and contains 1.23% F- (12300 ppm F)?

What strategy should be employed to prevent further demineralization and possibly reverse the caries process in favor of remineralization?

What is the primary aim of secondary prevention for caries?

Which fluoride treatment is typically applied by the dentist in the clinic with a typical application of 0.2-0.5 ml varnish?

Which agent is effective in arresting dentin but has limited evidence for early enamel caries remineralization?

What is the level of evidence for sealants as a caries prevention strategy?

What is the primary aim of tertiary prevention for caries?

What is the typical application of fluoride varnish when professionally applied?

What is the recommended approach for managing early caries lesions?

Which fluoride treatment is applied by the patient at home instead of daily toothpaste?

What is the primary purpose of resin infiltration in managing caries lesions?

What is the recommended free sugar intake according to the WHO and SACN?

Which caries prevention strategy involves chewing gum for salivary stimulation?

Which fluoride treatment has the highest fluoride ion concentration when applied by the patient at home?

What is the primary use of dental sealants for adults?

What is the primary aim of secondary prevention for caries?

What is the primary purpose of using sugar-free chewing gum for 10-20 minutes after meals?

What is the level of evidence for sealants as a caries prevention strategy?

What is the fluoride ion concentration in 1% NaF paste or gel?

What is the fluoride ion concentration in 1.1% NaF used by the patient at home?

What fluoride treatment should be applied by the patient at home instead of daily toothpaste?

The level of evidence for fluoride as a caries prevention strategy is to .

Antimicrobial strategies can be -specific or -specific.