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Questions and Answers
What was the main reason for the shift from logwood production to mahogany production in British Honduras?
What was the main reason for the shift from logwood production to mahogany production in British Honduras?
Which of the following industries utilized mahogany?
Which of the following industries utilized mahogany?
What did slaves use to cut their way through the forest while working on the logwood and mahogany industries?
What did slaves use to cut their way through the forest while working on the logwood and mahogany industries?
What was the typical range for the size of slave crews working on the mahogany industry?
What was the typical range for the size of slave crews working on the mahogany industry?
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What was the primary method used to transport mahogany logs from the forest to the riverside?
What was the primary method used to transport mahogany logs from the forest to the riverside?
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What was the main function of the second gang in the processing of cocoa?
What was the main function of the second gang in the processing of cocoa?
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What is the term used for the excessive supply of logwood on the market that led to a price decrease?
What is the term used for the excessive supply of logwood on the market that led to a price decrease?
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What was the primary purpose of dancing on the cocoa beans in Grenada?
What was the primary purpose of dancing on the cocoa beans in Grenada?
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What was the primary role of a planter in the social structure of the plantation?
What was the primary role of a planter in the social structure of the plantation?
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Which group of slaves had the most frequent interactions with whites on a daily basis?
Which group of slaves had the most frequent interactions with whites on a daily basis?
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What was the main function of the overseer on a plantation?
What was the main function of the overseer on a plantation?
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What was a common consequence of enslaved individuals reporting ''illnesses'' to the overseer?
What was a common consequence of enslaved individuals reporting ''illnesses'' to the overseer?
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What was the primary reason for limited social interaction between white and black individuals on the plantation?
What was the primary reason for limited social interaction between white and black individuals on the plantation?
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What were some of the skills that slaves were taught on the plantations?
What were some of the skills that slaves were taught on the plantations?
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What factors were used by white plantation owners to determine the social status of slaves?
What factors were used by white plantation owners to determine the social status of slaves?
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What was the most frequent form of interaction between planters and field slaves?
What was the most frequent form of interaction between planters and field slaves?
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What were some of the privileges enjoyed by white plantation owners on the estate?
What were some of the privileges enjoyed by white plantation owners on the estate?
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What were some of the privileges that were often granted to 'coloured' slaves?
What were some of the privileges that were often granted to 'coloured' slaves?
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How did the planter's view of enslaved people as property influence their actions?
How did the planter's view of enslaved people as property influence their actions?
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Which of the following were NOT considered factors in determining the social status of slaves?
Which of the following were NOT considered factors in determining the social status of slaves?
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What was the purpose of the 'Work Shops' on the plantation?
What was the purpose of the 'Work Shops' on the plantation?
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What was the role of the 'Boiling House' in the sugar production process?
What was the role of the 'Boiling House' in the sugar production process?
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What is the purpose of the 'Provision grounds' on the plantation?
What is the purpose of the 'Provision grounds' on the plantation?
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Which of the following was NOT a similarity between the mahogany and logwood forestry industries?
Which of the following was NOT a similarity between the mahogany and logwood forestry industries?
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What was the foreman or captain's most important task in the mahogany forestry industry?
What was the foreman or captain's most important task in the mahogany forestry industry?
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Which of the following was considered the most important task for the skilled slaves in the mahogany forestry industry?
Which of the following was considered the most important task for the skilled slaves in the mahogany forestry industry?
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Which group of slaves occupied the lowest position in the slave social ladder?
Which group of slaves occupied the lowest position in the slave social ladder?
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What were the main factors used by slaves to determine their social status?
What were the main factors used by slaves to determine their social status?
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Which of the following was NOT a factor used by whites to determine their social status?
Which of the following was NOT a factor used by whites to determine their social status?
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Which of the following was NOT a responsibility of the white overseers on a plantation?
Which of the following was NOT a responsibility of the white overseers on a plantation?
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What was the most significant difference between the mahogany and logwood forestry industries?
What was the most significant difference between the mahogany and logwood forestry industries?
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What was a common perception of the movements in the dance performed by West African enslaved people?
What was a common perception of the movements in the dance performed by West African enslaved people?
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What does traditional African medicine incorporate in its practices?
What does traditional African medicine incorporate in its practices?
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Why did West African enslaved people build their huts on the sugar plantation?
Why did West African enslaved people build their huts on the sugar plantation?
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What was the primary purpose of the oral tradition among Africans?
What was the primary purpose of the oral tradition among Africans?
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What challenges did enslaved people face in retaining their culture?
What challenges did enslaved people face in retaining their culture?
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What role did griots play in African culture?
What role did griots play in African culture?
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Which of the following stories is known for teaching important moral lessons?
Which of the following stories is known for teaching important moral lessons?
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What were African healers’ approaches to health and illness?
What were African healers’ approaches to health and illness?
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What was muscovado sugar characteristically known for?
What was muscovado sugar characteristically known for?
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What was one of the tasks carried out by the enslaved on the estate?
What was one of the tasks carried out by the enslaved on the estate?
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Who controlled the early sugar trade before 1850?
Who controlled the early sugar trade before 1850?
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What was a key characteristic of mercantilism?
What was a key characteristic of mercantilism?
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What role did the British have regarding mercantilist laws?
What role did the British have regarding mercantilist laws?
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Which method was used to produce rum from molasses?
Which method was used to produce rum from molasses?
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Which group was specifically mentioned as responsible for maintaining plant equipment?
Which group was specifically mentioned as responsible for maintaining plant equipment?
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What was an important aspect of the Dutch's involvement in the sugar trade?
What was an important aspect of the Dutch's involvement in the sugar trade?
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Flashcards
Foreman/Captain
Foreman/Captain
The person responsible for coordinating the gangs' activities in forestry work.
Huntsman
Huntsman
A skilled slave tasked with searching for mahogany trees in forests.
Axe Men
Axe Men
Workers who cut down trees and clear paths for logs after felling them.
Plantation Society
Plantation Society
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Divisions among Slaves
Divisions among Slaves
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Domestic Slaves
Domestic Slaves
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Planters/Attorneys
Planters/Attorneys
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Factors of Social Status
Factors of Social Status
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Second Gang of Slaves
Second Gang of Slaves
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Drying and Fermenting
Drying and Fermenting
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Muscovado Sugar
Muscovado Sugar
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Cocoa Bean Polishing
Cocoa Bean Polishing
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Rum Production
Rum Production
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Logwood
Logwood
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Enslaved Labor
Enslaved Labor
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Conditions for Logwood Slaves
Conditions for Logwood Slaves
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Mercantilism
Mercantilism
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Mahogany Dominance
Mahogany Dominance
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Dutch Control
Dutch Control
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Seasonal Wood Cutting
Seasonal Wood Cutting
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Navigation Acts
Navigation Acts
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Slave Group Sizes
Slave Group Sizes
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Estate Tasks
Estate Tasks
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Blacksmiths and Tanners
Blacksmiths and Tanners
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African Dance
African Dance
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Debauchery
Debauchery
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Traditional African Medicine
Traditional African Medicine
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Oral Tradition
Oral Tradition
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Griots
Griots
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Anansi Stories
Anansi Stories
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Cultural Suppression
Cultural Suppression
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Cultural Resistance
Cultural Resistance
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Skilled Trades for Slaves
Skilled Trades for Slaves
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Factors Determining Slave Status
Factors Determining Slave Status
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Privileges of Whites on Estates
Privileges of Whites on Estates
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Coloured Slaves' Privileges
Coloured Slaves' Privileges
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Typical Plantations Layout
Typical Plantations Layout
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Functions of the Boiling House
Functions of the Boiling House
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Great House Purpose
Great House Purpose
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Social Status of Free Coloured
Social Status of Free Coloured
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Domestic Roles of Women
Domestic Roles of Women
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Rights of Enslaved People
Rights of Enslaved People
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Planters' Responsibilities
Planters' Responsibilities
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Interactions Between Whites and Slaves
Interactions Between Whites and Slaves
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Role of the Overseer
Role of the Overseer
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Celebration Interactions
Celebration Interactions
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Property View of Slaves
Property View of Slaves
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Social Norms and Blind Eye
Social Norms and Blind Eye
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Study Notes
Caribbean History - Section A, Theme 2: Caribbean Economy and Slavery - Tropical Crops for Europe
- In the 17th century, merchants organized colonies to grow profitable crops like tobacco, cotton, cocoa, coffee, indigo, and timber. These crops were suited to the Caribbean's tropical climate and were not perishable.
- Early settlers faced hardships from hurricanes, disease, drought, and attacks from the Spanish and Kalinago.
- Food crops like cassava and maize were crucial for survival.
- Tobacco: Indigenous people introduced tobacco to Europeans. High demand initially, followed by reduced prices due to cheaper, better quality Virginian tobacco. Planters then shifted to sugar.
- Cotton: First cultivated by English colonists in St Kitts and Barbados, later by French in Martinique. High demand initially, but degraded quickly, requiring more labor. American cotton caused prices to drop. Boll weevil and chenille significantly impacted cotton production.
- Cocoa: Introduced to Europe, primarily as a confectionery. Increased popularity in the 1600s. Cultivated under Spanish rule. Popularity declined due to competition in Africa and Asia and the impact of disease.
- Coffee: Introduced to Martinique. Became popular in the 18th century, competing with tea. Production in St Domingue overtook Martinique's. Cuban coffee gained importance after the revolution.
Logwood to Mahogany
- Logwood, a lucrative product from Belize, suffered a price collapse after a glut in the market.
- Mahogany became increasingly important in the 1700s, with enslaved Africans becoming the primary workforce.
- Mahogany production was seasonal.
- Women primarily worked in domestic roles on the plantations.
The Sugar Revolution
- The shift from tobacco to sugar in the Caribbean significantly transformed the region's economy and society.
- Key changes included:
- Increased plantation size
- New land use patterns
- Increased demand and price of land
- Heightened need for labor
- Population shifts
- Changes in marketing procedures
- Capital investments
- Profit generation
- Social and political re-organization
The Dutch Contribution
- The Dutch provided capital, expertise, credit, goods, and labor which facilitated the growth of the sugar industry.
- European entrepreneurs replaced the Dutch, taking over the sugar industry.
Objective 2: Social, Political and Economic Consequences of the Change to Sugarcane
- The black population increased due to the importation of enslaved Africans.
- White populations decreased as they moved to Europe or other islands, as they were not interested in labor alongside people of color.
- Society transitioned from free citizenry to slave society, with whites in power.
- Absentee plantation owners became more commonplace, with ownership of plantations in one country while living in another.
- Land prices rose dramatically.
Objective 3: Reasons for the Enslavement of Africans
- The need for a large, skilled labor force in the Caribbean's sugar industry became paramount.
- The Indigenous population was decimated; this was a primary reason to look to Africa.
- Enslaved Africans were considered a cost-effective and readily-available labor force.
- The existence of slavery in Africa provided Europeans with a readily-available and convenient source of labor.
Objective 4: The Trans-atlantic Slave Trade
- Companies were established to control the trade, transporting and selling slaves in the West Indies.
- Individuals, called free traders or interlopers, were excluded.
- European powers established trading companies and trading forts.
- The triangular trade linked Europe, West Africa, and the Americas.
- This trade involved the exchange of goods for slaves, then slaves for raw materials, and raw materials for manufactured goods.
Methods Used to Capture & Transport Enslaved Africans
- Surprise attacks and kidnappings
- Use of trickery and negotiation with African tribes to acquire people
- Tribal conflicts were exploited to capture people, and sell them into slavery
- Africans were transported across the Atlantic in horrific conditions.
Objective 5: Use of enslaved labor in other industries
- Enslaved Africans worked in mahogany, logwood (particularly in Belize), coffee, and cocoa production, as well as domestic, skilled, and artisan roles.
Objective 6: The Organization of a Typical Plantation
- Estates were divided into various areas dedicated to sugar production, provisions, etc.
- Planters and their families occupied the Great House.
Objective 7: Manufacturing Processes before 1838
- Sugarcane was planted through trenching or holeing methods.
- Harvesting, processing, and boiling of the juice occurred on-site.
- The process involved crushing, boiling, and refining to create sugar crystals.
- Molasses, a by-product, was sometimes further processed into rum.
Objective 8: Markets for the Products of Sugar Plantations
- Mercantilism often prioritized the mother country's interest.
- Foreign goods were discouraged as colonies were not allowed to develop industries.
- The British were the first imposing mercantilist laws to break the Dutch monopoly, through the Navigation Acts.
Objective 9: African Cultural Forms in the Caribbean
- The forced migration did not suppress cultural aspects or beliefs in enslaved people.
- African religions, dances, music, and storytelling were preserved in the Caribbean.
- Cultural exchange between African people and the Caribbean people is evident.
Objective 10: Social Relations in Slave Society
- Planters, overseers, and white employees interacted with enslaved people for various tasks.
- Limited social interaction between slaves and their masters which ensured that a significant distance was maintained.
- Enslaved Africans had no legal rights, and punishments for non-compliance were harsh.
- Social relations within the enslaved community were important, especially regarding resistance of oppression, survival and maintenance of culture.
- There were limited ethnic interactions between ethnic groups. However, some ethnic groups would eventually create their own societies.
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Description
Explore the significance of tropical crops like tobacco, cotton, and cocoa in the Caribbean economy during the 17th century. Understand the challenges faced by settlers, including environmental hardships and competition with other regions. This quiz delves into how these crops shaped the economic landscape of the Caribbean and their relationship with slavery.