Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of Trait & Factor Theory in career choice?
What is the primary focus of Trait & Factor Theory in career choice?
Who is recognized as the Father of Vocational Guidance?
Who is recognized as the Father of Vocational Guidance?
What does Decision Theory primarily build upon?
What does Decision Theory primarily build upon?
Which model is proposed by Frank Parsons for career decision-making?
Which model is proposed by Frank Parsons for career decision-making?
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What is NOT typically associated with Social Learning Theory in career decisions?
What is NOT typically associated with Social Learning Theory in career decisions?
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What are the two phases of the decision-making process?
What are the two phases of the decision-making process?
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According to Gelatt's decision theory, which of the following is not one of the three systems required for decision-making?
According to Gelatt's decision theory, which of the following is not one of the three systems required for decision-making?
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In Anne Roe's psychodynamic theory, which of the following occupational fields does NOT exist as per her classification?
In Anne Roe's psychodynamic theory, which of the following occupational fields does NOT exist as per her classification?
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Which level corresponds to the highest skills in Anne Roe's classification of occupational skill levels?
Which level corresponds to the highest skills in Anne Roe's classification of occupational skill levels?
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John Holland's theory categorizes individuals into how many personality types?
John Holland's theory categorizes individuals into how many personality types?
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What concept is essential in Ginzberg's research on vocational choice?
What concept is essential in Ginzberg's research on vocational choice?
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What is a key factor in determining career congruence according to Holland's model?
What is a key factor in determining career congruence according to Holland's model?
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Which statement best describes the anticipation phase of decision-making?
Which statement best describes the anticipation phase of decision-making?
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Which factor in Social Learning Theory relates to a person's characteristics such as genetic factors and special abilities?
Which factor in Social Learning Theory relates to a person's characteristics such as genetic factors and special abilities?
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What is a major characteristic of the Strong Interest Inventory?
What is a major characteristic of the Strong Interest Inventory?
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Which issue does the term 'glass ceiling' refer to in the workplace?
Which issue does the term 'glass ceiling' refer to in the workplace?
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What does the Self-Directed Search (SDS) primarily aim to match?
What does the Self-Directed Search (SDS) primarily aim to match?
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During which age range does midlife career change typically occur?
During which age range does midlife career change typically occur?
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What concept explains negative evaluations of workers based on recent performance rather than overall performance?
What concept explains negative evaluations of workers based on recent performance rather than overall performance?
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Which of the following is NOT a factor influencing career decisions according to Social Learning Theory?
Which of the following is NOT a factor influencing career decisions according to Social Learning Theory?
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What does the Occupational Outlook Handbook primarily provide information about?
What does the Occupational Outlook Handbook primarily provide information about?
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Which bias occurs when a supervisor rates most workers as average?
Which bias occurs when a supervisor rates most workers as average?
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Which term describes job openings not advertised to the public?
Which term describes job openings not advertised to the public?
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Study Notes
Career & Lifestyle Development
- This presentation covers various theories and resources related to career and lifestyle development.
Career: Learning Topics/Objectives
-
Theories & Theorists:
- Trait & Factor
- Decision
- Psychodynamic
- Developmental
- Social Learning
-
Resources:
- Workplace Environment
- Other Terms/People
Theories & Theorists
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Trait & Factor Theory:
- Developed during the Depression era to address worker training and employment needs.
- Emphasizes the relationship between individuals, occupations, and specific factors for success.
- Assumes individuals possess unique personality traits, including abilities and vocational interests. These traits need to be matched to suitable occupations.
- Considered the first significant and enduring theory of career choice.
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Frank Parsons:
- Pioneered the process of career choice.
- Considered the Father of Vocational Guidance.
- Proposed a three-step model:
- assessing client's personal data (knowledge, aptitudes, and interests)
- understanding occupational requirements (job details and pros/cons)
- decision-making to match individuals with jobs
-
Decision Theory (Tiedeman & O'Hara):
- Employs Erikson's psychosocial development framework for career development.
- Career development arises through constant adaptation and modification in a person’s ego identity.
- Self-awareness is crucial in decision-making.
- Decision-making process is divided into two phases:
- Anticipation phase: imagining oneself in various careers
- Implementation phase: testing career expectations in reality
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Decision Theory (Gelatt):
- Information processing forms the basis of decision-making.
- Making better decisions by understanding possible sequences of events in the future.
- Decision-making involves three systems:
- Predictive system: determining possible outcomes, results, grades, and interests.
- Value system: analyzing preferences among various outcomes.
- Decision criteria: integrating information to select the appropriate course of action, weighing various factors
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Psychodynamic Theory (Anne Roe):
- Based on Maslow's Hierarchy and unconscious psychological needs.
- The job serves to fulfill unconscious needs.
- Parent-child relationships influence a child's later occupational interests, shaping their personality and career choices.
- Created a two-dimensional system of occupational classification based on fields and levels of skill.
- Analyzed 214 occupational groups to identify 8 occupational fields.
- Further subdivided each field into 6 skill levels.
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Psychodynamic Theory (John Holland):
- Connects career choices with stable personality characteristics.
- Categories individuals into six personality types, each linked to specific work environments.
- Congruence between personality type and work environment is vital; consistency on a hexagon model dictates fitting career paths.
Developmental Theory
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Ginzberg:
- Research with young men established vocational choice as a process.
- This process is irreversible.
- Compromise is crucial.
- Identified three distinct stages of career development:
- Fantasy (birth to age 11),
- Tentative (ages 11 to 17), and
- Realistic (ages 17 to early 20s).
-
Super:
- Self-concept significantly influences career choices.
- Individuals are qualified for multiple occupations based on their interests, abilities, and personality.
- Distinct occupational characteristics exist.
- People change over time, potentially requiring career shifts.
- Super established five developmental stages:
- Growth, Exploration, Establishment, Maintenance, and Decline.
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Gottfredson:
- Children progress through four stages of development as they form ideas about careers:
- Orientation to size and power,
- Orientation to sex roles,
- Orientation to social valuation, and
- Orientation to internal unique self.
- Emphasizes the process of circumscription and compromise in career choices. This process involves narrowing possible career choices and adjusting aspirations to real-world limitations.
- Children progress through four stages of development as they form ideas about careers:
Social Learning Theory
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Krumboltz, Mitchell, & Jones:
- Stresses the significance of both behavior and cognition in career choices.
- Identifies four factors impacting career decisions:
- Genetic factors and special abilities,
- Environmental factors and special events,
- Learning experiences, and
- Task approach problem-solving skills (e.g., self-observation, goal-setting, information seeking).
Resources
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Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT):
- An older resource which categorized job titles into various categories. Replaced by O°NET which gives a nine-digit code for jobs.
-
O*NET:
- Online database that contains details on various occupations, including job duties, educational requirements, and salary information.
-
Occupational Outlook Handbook (OOH):
- Provides insights into future job trends, salary expectations, and training requirements; Accessible online and allows filtering of jobs (with specific filters).
-
Resources/Inventories:
- Strong Interest Inventory (SCII): Measures interests based on Holland's theory. Assumes individuals who share similar interests in an area, will find satisfaction in similar jobs.
- Self-Directed Search (SDS): A self-administered, self-scored assessment that matches individuals to career types based on Holland's theory.
- System of Interactive Guidance and Information (SIGI: An interactive guidance system for students exploring higher education options
Workplace Environment
- Midlife Career Changes: Common between ages 35 and 45.
- Dual-Earner Marriages: Often have less leisure time but higher household incomes.
- Older Workers: Face factors like physical decline, employer attitudes towards hiring, and out-dated skills/knowledge.
- Women in the Workforce: Challenges include the double workload, intermittency leading to lost opportunities and stability, glass ceiling effects hindering advancement, and pay inequities.
- Workplace Bias in Evaluations: Supervisors may exhibit biases such as central tendency bias (rating workers as average), recency effect (using recent performance as primary metric), and halo effect (judging employees solely based on a single trait).
Other Terms & People
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Hidden Job Market: Jobs not publicly advertised, often found through networking.
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Underemployment: Accepting a job below one's skill level.
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Dislocated Worker: Workers laid off due to downsizing, relocation, or closure of a business.
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Displaced Homemaker: Women re-entering the workforce after a period outside of it.
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Compensatory Effect: Workers satisfying non-job related needs outside of the office.
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Spillover: Work-related activities carry over into leisure time.
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Crites: Researched work maturity in relation to career counseling
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Hoppock: Argued personal needs drive good career decisions; needs must be met in the chosen occupation.
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** Katz:** Proposed that career choices depend on the identification of values
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Schlossberg: Emphasized the importance of factors (like gender) in career development.
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Description
Explore various theories and resources related to career and lifestyle development. This quiz covers key theorists and concepts, including Trait & Factor Theory, Decision Theory, and the impact of social learning and psychodynamic theories on career choices. Prepare to assess your understanding of how these theories apply to real-world situations.
