Cardiovascular System - The Heart

<p>Epicardium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parietal layer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The apex moves during ventricular contraction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To protect and support the heart (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Visceral layer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Drains the right atrium and ventricle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oblique vein of the left atrium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cardiac muscle cells function as a single unit. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intercalated discs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interdigitating folds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conduct electrical impulses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lack of sarcoplasmic reticulum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide structural support by tightly linking cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aortic pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>70 mL (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decrease in ventricular pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>End-systolic volume (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rising ventricular pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Isovolumetric relaxation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>0.4 seconds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased pressure in the ventricles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To allow oxygenated blood to enter the aorta (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tricuspid valve (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood is pushed from the left atrium into the left ventricle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Left atrium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pumps oxygenated blood to the general systemic circulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bicuspid valve (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is exchanged for oxygen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The actual work done by the heart (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Functional characteristics of the heart (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The stretch of the heart before contraction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The strength of contraction increases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They promote calcium inflow to strengthen contractions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibition of the sympathetic division (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The pressure that must be exceeded for blood ejection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Equal volume of blood pump from the left and right ventricles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To regulate the speed of the heartbeat and blood pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Norepinephrine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases the permeability of the plasma membrane to calcium ions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The refractory period of the SA node prevents it from firing faster. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ventricles do not have sufficient time to fill with blood between beats at higher rates. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They open potassium channels in the nodal cells, causing hyperpolarization. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases stroke volume by allowing for more complete ventricular filling. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased blood flow to the skeletal muscles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The amount of blood the heart pumps per minute, measuring actual work done.

Heart regulation based on its own functional characteristics, not influenced by external factors.

Heart regulation controlled by neural and hormonal factors outside the heart.

The volume of blood pumped by the heart with each contraction.

The degree of stretch in the heart muscle before contraction, related to end-diastolic volume.

The principle that greater preload leads to increased force of contraction, equalizing blood output of both ventricles.

The forcefulness of the heart's contraction at a given preload, influenced by inotropic agents.

The pressure that must be overcome for blood to be ejected from the ventricles.

Heart rate changes are crucial for adjusting cardiac output and blood pressure.

Coordinates the nervous system controls for cardiovascular function.

Stimulates heart speed by releasing norepinephrine at adrenergic fibers.

Binds to beta-adrenergic receptors, increasing heart rate and calcium inflow.

Increased heart rate, can reach up to 230 bpm due to adrenergic stimulation.

The phase of the cardiac cycle when ventricles fill with blood; shortened at high heart rates.

Slows heart rate through vagus nerves by releasing acetylcholine.

The valve that allows oxygenated blood to flow from the left ventricle into the aorta.

Blood that is low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide, returning from the body to the heart.

Chamber of the heart receiving deoxygenated blood from the body via vena cavae.

The valve that prevents backflow of blood from the right ventricle into the right atrium.

The pathway where deoxygenated blood is transported from the right side of the heart to the lungs.

Chamber of the heart that receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through pulmonary veins.

The valve that prevents blood backflow from the left ventricle into the left atrium, also known as the mitral valve.

The pathway where oxygenated blood is pumped from the left side of the heart to the body.

Phase where ventricles pump blood into aorta and pulmonary trunk.

Closing of atrioventricular valves produces the first heart sound.

Volume of blood remaining in ventricles after contraction, about 60 mL.

Phase where ventricles relax and pressure decreases, closing semilunar valves.

Secondary rise in aortic pressure caused by blood rebounding against closed valve.

Phase where ventricles fill with blood due to low pressure during diastole.

Total time for one complete heart cycle, about 0.8 seconds at 75 bpm.

A cone-shaped organ about the size of a clenched fist that pumps blood.

The area in the chest cavity where the heart is located.

The pointed end of the heart that moves during contractions.

The uppermost part of the heart, fixed in position due to attachments.

The protective sac surrounding the heart.

A tough layer of connective tissue that prevents heart overstretching.

Delicate inner tissue of the pericardium with parietal and visceral layers.

The area between the ribs where the apex can be felt during a heartbeat.

Drains blood from the right atrium and ventricle.

Drains blood from the lateral wall of the left ventricle.

Drains the posterior wall of the left atrium into the coronary sinus.

Drains blood from the lateral wall of the left ventricle.

Collect blood from the front of the right ventricle into the right atrium.

Striated cells that function as a unit and are responsible for heart contractions.

Connect cardiac muscle cells with features for strong connections and communication.

Larger and more numerous than in skeletal muscle, providing energy for contractions.