Cardiovascular System Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the main function of the cardiovascular system in relation to chemical exchanges within the body?

  • To facilitate gas exchange across the epithelium of the lungs.
  • To excrete waste products through feces and urine.
  • To serve as a rapid transport network for substances throughout the body. (correct)
  • To directly absorb nutrients from the digestive tract.

    • Which component of blood, as a connective tissue, consists of a watery matrix?

  • Plasma (correct)
  • Ground substance
  • Specialized cells
  • Extracellular protein fibers

    • By what week of embryonic life does the heart typically begin to beat?

  • End of the third week (correct)
  • End of the first week
  • End of the second week
  • End of the fourth week

    • What critical role does the cardiovascular system start serving when an embryo reaches a few millimeters in length?

    <p>Serving as a rapid-transport system for oxygen, nutrients, and waste products. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the cardiovascular system unnecessary in the earliest stages of embryonic development?

    <p>Diffusion across exposed surfaces is sufficient for meeting metabolic demands. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In comparing the cardiovascular system to the cooling system of a car, what corresponds to the blood vessels in the cardiovascular system?

    <p>Radiator hoses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the role of plasma proteins in blood?

    <p>They are dissolved in the plasma and typically do not form insoluble fibers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the immediate effect on an embryo's nutrient use after its heart begins to beat and blood starts circulating?

    <p>Nutrient use will be more efficient (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate percentage of plasma in whole blood?

    <p>55 percent (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a primary difference between plasma and interstitial fluid?

    <p>Concentration of dissolved proteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the percentage of whole blood volume contributed by formed elements?

    <p>Hematocrit (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In adult males, what is the normal hematocrit (packed cell volume)?

    <p>46 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following formed elements is most abundant in the blood?

    <p>Red blood cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Through which process are formed elements produced?

    <p>Hemopoiesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following stem cell types is responsible for the production of formed elements?

    <p>Myeloid stem cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following proteins is most abundant in plasma?

    <p>Albumins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plasma protein is important for maintaining osmotic pressure?

    <p>Albumins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antibodies are a type of:

    <p>Globulins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of plasma protein includes transport proteins?

    <p>Globulins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plasma protein functions in blood clotting?

    <p>Fibrinogen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What insoluble protein forms the basic framework for a blood clot?

    <p>Fibrin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sex hormone stimulates red blood cell production?

    <p>Androgens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of plasma is made up of proteins?

    <p>7% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which formed element accounts for approximately 99.9% of all formed elements in the blood?

    <p>Red blood cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a primary function of plasma proteins?

    <p>Oxygen transport (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plasma protein is most abundant and significantly contributes to the osmotic pressure of plasma?

    <p>Albumins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following plasma proteins plays a crucial role in the formation of blood clots?

    <p>Fibrinogen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of erythrocytes?

    <p>Transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate red blood cell count in one microliter of whole blood in adult males?

    <p>5.4 million (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the percentage of whole blood volume occupied by formed elements?

    <p>Hematocrit (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the biconcave disc shape of red blood cells enhance their function?

    <p>It provides a larger surface area for gas exchange. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cellular components do red blood cells lack upon maturation that prevents them from synthesizing proteins?

    <p>Nuclei &amp; ribosomes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions would likely result in an increased hematocrit?

    <p>Dehydration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From which two populations of stem cells are the formed elements produced?

    <p>Myeloid and lymphoid stem cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organic nutrients is NOT used for ATP production, growth, and maintenance of cells?

    <p>Urea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following electrolytes is NOT a major plasma electrolytes?

    <p>Ag+ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an example oforganic wastes?

    <p>Globulin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of transport globulins within blood plasma?

    <p>Binding small ions, hormones, and other compounds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a primary function of blood?

    <p>Producing red blood cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic of blood contributes to its high viscosity?

    <p>Interactions among dissolved proteins, formed elements, and water molecules. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate normal pH range of blood?

    <p>7.35 - 7.45 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is venipuncture a common technique for obtaining blood samples?

    <p>Superficial veins are easy to locate, have thinner walls than arteries, and have relatively low blood pressure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of blood plasma?

    <p>Formed elements (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of albumins in blood plasma?

    <p>Maintaining osmotic pressure. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of plasma protein includes antibodies?

    <p>Globulins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does fibrinogen play in the blood?

    <p>Facilitating blood clotting. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the function of blood in stabilizing body temperature?

    <p>It redistributes heat from active muscles to other tissues and directs blood flow to the skin to lose heat. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the procedure of collecting fresh whole blood from a superficial vein?

    <p>Venipuncture (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following would be transported by lipoproteins?

    <p>Lipids like Cholesterol (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Considering the role of blood in regulating pH, what would happen if blood could not neutralize acids generated by active tissues?

    <p>Local pH imbalances would occur, potentially affecting cellular function. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason an arterial puncture is performed instead of a venipuncture?

    <p>To evaluate the efficiency of gas exchange at the lungs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does blood help defend against pathogens?

    <p>By transporting white blood cells and antibodies. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average temperature of blood in degrees Fahrenheit?

    <p>100.4°F (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to an erythroblast after roughly four days of differentiation?

    <p>It sheds its nucleus and becomes a reticulocyte (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can reticulocytes be identified in a blood smear?

    <p>By using a stain that only combines with RNA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of circulating erythrocytes do reticulocytes normally account for?

    <p>0.8 percent (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs to reticulocytes after 24 hours in circulation?

    <p>They complete their maturation and resemble mature RBCs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect would significant blood loss have on hematocrit levels?

    <p>It would decrease hematocrit due to reduced red blood cell volume (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What organic compound, responsible for the greenish color sometimes observed in bruises, is derived from heme?

    <p>Biliverdin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In adults, where does erythropoiesis exclusively occur?

    <p>Red bone marrow (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of erythropoietin (EPO) in erythropoiesis?

    <p>Directly stimulates erythropoiesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under which of the following conditions is erythropoietin (EPO) released?

    <p>Decreased oxygen content of the blood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In addition to EPO, which of the following hormones stimulates erythropoiesis?

    <p>Thyroxine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition results from a lack of vitamin $B_{12}$ due to the absence of intrinsic factor?

    <p>Pernicious anemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ultimate source of all formed elements of blood cells?

    <p>Hemocytoblasts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characterized by abnormal hemoglobin?

    <p>Inherited disorders (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the various forms of thalassemia?

    <p>Inability to produce adequate amounts of the globular proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when defective hemoglobin gives up enough of its bound oxygen in individuals with sickle cell anemia (SCA)?

    <p>Hemoglobin molecules interact and cells become stiff and curved (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average total body iron content in women, and approximately how much of it is bound to the hemoglobin of circulating RBCs?

    <p>2.4 g total iron; 1.9 g in RBCs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can result from the buildup of too much iron in cardiac muscle tissue?

    <p>Heart disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the primary sites of blood formation during the first eight weeks of embryonic development?

    <p>Embryonic yolk sac (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pigments are produced from bilirubin in the large intestine and contribute to the color of urine and feces?

    <p>Urobilins and stercobilins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if the bile ducts are blocked or the liver cannot absorb or excrete bilirubin?

    <p>Bilirubin levels rise in the bloodstream (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What crucial characteristic of RBCs ensures that oxygen is delivered to peripheral tissues rather than consumed within the cells themselves?

    <p>The reliance on anaerobic metabolism due to the absence of mitochondria. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What accounts for more than 95 percent of an RBC’s intracellular proteins?

    <p>Hemoglobin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of heme within a hemoglobin molecule?

    <p>To hold an iron ion that can reversibly bind to an oxygen molecule. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event triggers hemoglobin to release oxygen and bind carbon dioxide?

    <p>A localized rise in carbon dioxide levels and a decline in oxygen levels within peripheral tissues. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition results from blood with a low hematocrit or reduced hemoglobin content?

    <p>Anemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do red blood cells have a relatively short lifespan of approximately 120 days?

    <p>They lack the organelles necessary for repair. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the phagocytosis of red blood cells?

    <p>Damage to the plasma membrane. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the amino acids resulting from hemoglobin breakdown utilized?

    <p>They are metabolized by the cell or released into the bloodstream for use by other cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What plasma transport protein binds and transports iron in the bloodstream?

    <p>Transferrin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to hemoglobin that is released into the bloodstream due to hemolysis and not phagocytized?

    <p>It breaks down, and the polypeptide chains are filtered by the kidneys and lost in urine. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is indicated if the urine turns red or brown due to a large number of RBCs breaking down in the bloodstream?

    <p>Hemoglobinuria. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the structure of a mature RBC support its function?

    <p>The lack of a nucleus and most organelles maximizes space for hemoglobin. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of the weak iron-oxygen interaction in hemoglobin?

    <p>It enables easy separation of oxygen from hemoglobin in tissues. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do RBCs respond when they reach the lungs where there is high oxygen concentration and low carbon dioxide concentration?

    <p>They absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of RBCs being squeezed through tiny capillaries during circulation?

    <p>It contributes to wear and tear on the RBCs, leading to damage and eventual removal. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Blood: Composition, Function, and Formation

    • Blood is a fluid connective tissue, composed of specialized cells, extracellular protein fibers, and a fluid ground substance (plasma)
    • Plasma proteins (primarily albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen)
      • Crucial for maintaining osmotic pressure
      • Albumins: most abundant, maintain osmotic pressure
      • Globulins: antibodies (attack pathogens) and transport proteins (binding ions, hormones, lipids)
        • Lipoproteins: transport insoluble lipids
      • Fibrinogen: clotting, forms fibrin strands
    • Blood functions:
      • Transport: gases, nutrients, hormones, wastes
      • Regulation: pH and ion composition of interstitial fluids
      • Restriction of fluid loss: clotting at injury sites
      • Defense: white blood cells fight infection, antibodies attack pathogens
      • Temperature regulation: absorbs and distributes heat

    Physical Characteristics of Blood

    • Temperature: approximately 38°C (100.4°F)
    • Viscosity: five times thicker than water, due to interactions of plasma proteins, formed elements, and water
    • pH: slightly alkaline, between 7.35 and 7.45 (average: 7.4)

    Blood Collection and Analysis

    • Venipuncture: common technique for obtaining blood from superficial veins (median cubital vein)
      • Convenient location, thin vein walls, low pressure
    • Capillary puncture: used for preparing blood smears (fingertip, earlobe)
    • Arterial puncture: used for evaluating gas exchange at lungs (radial or brachial artery)

    Formed Elements in Blood

    • Formed elements: cells and cell fragments (platelets, white blood cells, red blood cells)
    • Hematocrit: percentage of whole blood volume occupied by formed elements
      • Adult male: ~46%
      • Adult female: ~42%
      • Impacts of dehydration, erythropoietin stimulation, bleeding, blood cell formation

    Red Blood Cells (RBCs)

    • Structure: biconcave disc, large surface area to volume ratio for efficient gas exchange; flexible for movement through narrow capillaries
    • Components:
      • Hemoglobin (Hb): ~95% of intracellular protein, binds and transports oxygen and carbon dioxide.
        • Complex quaternary structure: 4 globular protein subunits, each with heme molecule containing iron that combines with oxygen.
        • Binding of oxygen changes color of blood (bright red with oxygen, dark red without)
    • Function: carry oxygen and carbon dioxide
      • Anaerobic metabolism: energy source, rely on glucose from plasma
      • Life span: ~120 days
    • Formation (Erythropoiesis):
      • Occurs in red bone marrow, myeloid tissue
      • Regulated by erythropoietin (EPO) in response to low oxygen levels (hypoxia)

    Hemoglobin Recycling

    • Macrophages (in liver, spleen, red bone marrow): engulf damaged RBCs
    • Breakdown:
      • Globin into amino acids
      • Heme into iron and bilirubin
      • Iron binds to transferrin for reuse
      • Bilirubin: processed by liver, excreted in bile (giving feces their color)
    • Anemia: low hematocrit or reduced hemoglobin content, leads to reduced oxygen capacity.
    • Hemoglobinuria: large numbers of damaged RBCs leads to red or brown blood

    Clinical Note: Abnormal Hemoglobin

    • Thalassemia: insufficient production of hemoglobin proteins
    • Sickle cell anemia (SCA): mutation in hemoglobin affecting RBC shape and flexibility, causing blockages.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge about the functions, components, and development of the cardiovascular system. This quiz covers everything from the role of blood in the body to the embryonic development of the heart. Perfect for students studying human biology or anatomy.

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