Cardiovascular System Quiz

The internal transport network of the body, responsible for circulating blood throughout the body.

The watery fluid component of blood, containing dissolved substances and proteins.

The process by which substances move from an area of high concentration to low concentration across a membrane.

The first organ system to develop in an embryo, responsible for transporting oxygen, nutrients, and waste products.

The point at which diffusion becomes too slow to meet the needs of the growing embryo, leading to the development of the cardiovascular system.

The specialized cells, extracellular protein fibers, and ground substance found in blood, similar to other connective tissues.

The process by which the heart begins to beat, marking the start of blood circulation.

The ability to move substances throughout the body efficiently, enabled by the cardiovascular system.

The primary type of plasma protein, responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure.

A type of plasma protein that includes antibodies and transport proteins.

A plasma protein involved in blood clotting.

The process of drawing blood from a vein, usually for testing.

A thin film of blood spread on a microscope slide, stained to reveal various blood components.

The process of drawing blood from an artery, often to assess lung function.

The ability of blood to carry oxygen from the lungs to tissues and carbon dioxide back to the lungs.

The ability of blood to carry nutrients absorbed by the digestive system or released from storage.

The ability of blood to carry hormones from endocrine glands to target cells.

The ability of blood to carry waste products produced by cells to the kidneys for excretion.

The ability of blood to regulate the pH and ion composition of interstitial fluids.

The ability of blood to help stop bleeding through the process of blood clotting.

The ability of blood to defend against toxins and pathogens through white blood cells and antibodies.

The liquid portion of blood, containing dissolved substances and proteins like albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen.

A key protein in plasma that helps form blood clots by forming insoluble strands of fibrin.

The percentage of blood volume occupied by formed elements like red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

It's the process of forming new blood cells and cell fragments.

These are the blood cells and cell fragments suspended in plasma, making up 45% of blood volume. They include platelets, white blood cells, and red blood cells.

These cells, involved in blood clotting, are tiny fragments of larger cells.

These cells are responsible for the body's immune defense.

These cells carry oxygen throughout the body.

These are the most abundant plasma proteins, important for maintaining the osmotic pressure of blood.

They're a diverse group of plasma proteins, including antibodies and transport proteins.

These plasma proteins bind to and transport lipids like triglycerides, fatty acids, and cholesterol in the blood.

The process of exchanging water, ions, and small solutes between plasma and interstitial fluid across capillary walls.

These are the primary differences between the composition of plasma and interstitial fluid.

They are hormones that stimulate red blood cell production.

They are female hormones that do not stimulate red blood cell production.

A plasma protein involved in blood clotting, forming insoluble strands of fibrin to create a clot.

A decrease in plasma proteins can lead to reduced osmotic pressure in blood, potentially causing fluid to leak out of blood vessels, resulting in edema.

The red pigment found in red blood cells that binds and transports oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Red blood cells are unique because they lack nuclei and most organelles, allowing them to carry more oxygen effectively.

It refers to the formation of red blood cells, a process that occurs in the bone marrow.

A hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulates the production of red blood cells in response to low oxygen levels in the blood.

Red blood cells lack nuclei and ribosomes, preventing them from dividing or producing proteins.

Old, worn-out red blood cells are broken down in the spleen and liver, where their components are recycled.

A reticulocyte is an immature red blood cell that is still capable of synthesizing proteins and has a distinct RNA content. It is released from the bone marrow and is important for the formation of mature red blood cells.

Hematocrit is the percentage of red blood cells in the blood. After significant blood loss, the hematocrit value would decrease because the proportion of red blood cells in the blood volume would be lower.

A disease that causes liver damage can impair the liver's ability to process bilirubin, a waste product of red blood cell breakdown. This leads to an accumulation of bilirubin in the blood, resulting in jaundice.

A blockage in renal arteries would reduce blood flow to the kidneys, which can lead to the kidneys producing a hormone called erythropoietin (EPO) that stimulates red blood cell production. This would cause the hematocrit to increase.

Hemoglobin is the oxygen-carrying protein found in red blood cells. It binds to oxygen in the lungs and releases it to the tissues, facilitating oxygen transport throughout the body.

Red blood cells (RBCs) lack mitochondria, the powerhouses of cells, and rely on anaerobic metabolism for energy.

RBCs have a short lifespan of about 120 days due to their inability to repair damage caused by constant circulation.

Hemoglobin, a protein within RBCs, binds to and transports oxygen throughout the body.

Hemoglobin is composed of four protein subunits, each containing a heme molecule that binds an iron ion, which in turn interacts with an oxygen molecule.

Oxygenated blood, with hemoglobin bound to oxygen, is bright red, while deoxygenated blood is darker, almost burgundy.

Hemoglobin can bind to both oxygen and carbon dioxide, releasing oxygen in tissues where it is needed and picking up carbon dioxide.

Low levels of red blood cells or reduced hemoglobin content in the blood lead to anemia, resulting in decreased oxygen-carrying capacity.

Macrophages, specialized cells that engulf and break down old or damaged cells, play a key role in the removal and recycling of RBCs.

The heme molecule is broken down, releasing iron, which is either stored or released into the bloodstream for use by new RBCs.

Amino acids from the broken-down hemoglobin molecule are either used by the macrophage or released into the bloodstream for other cells.

Transferrin, a plasma protein, binds to iron and transports it in the bloodstream for new RBC production.

Excess transferrin is removed in the liver and spleen, where iron is stored in protein-iron complexes, ensuring a reserve for future RBC production.

The breakdown of large numbers of RBCs in the bloodstream can lead to hemoglobinuria, resulting in red or brown urine.

The recycling of hemoglobin and the turnover of RBCs ensure a continuous supply of oxygen-carrying cells in the blood.

Phagocytosis, also known as cell eating, is a process where cells engulf and digest solid particles, such as bacteria or cellular debris.

A genetic condition where the body can't produce enough hemoglobin, leading to fewer red blood cells and reduced oxygen-carrying capacity.

A genetic disorder where red blood cells become stiff and curved, blocking blood flow and leading to tissue oxygen starvation.

The green pigment produced from heme breakdown, visible in bruises.

The orange-yellow pigment formed from biliverdin, released into the bloodstream.

The process of red blood cell formation and differentiation, primarily occurring in red bone marrow.

A condition caused by inadequate iron intake, leading to reduced hemoglobin production and symptoms like fatigue and weakness.

A process in which stem cells in red bone marrow divide and mature into red blood cells.

A hormone produced by the kidneys and liver that stimulates red blood cell production.

Low oxygen levels in tissues, which triggers the release of erythropoietin.

A type of bone marrow found in the center of certain bones, responsible for blood cell production.

A type of bone marrow found in the shafts of long bones, primarily composed of fat.

An immature red blood cell actively synthesizing hemoglobin.

The primary site of red blood cell production, found in various bones.

The process of breaking down heme from hemoglobin.

A condition where the liver cannot properly absorb or excrete bilirubin, causing its accumulation in the blood.