Cardiovascular System Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which artery is responsible for supplying blood to the left side of the head and neck?

  • Left common carotid artery (correct)
  • Brachiocephalic trunk
  • Left subclavian artery
  • Right pulmonary artery

    • Which structure connects the pulmonary trunk to the aortic arch?

  • Aorta
  • Ligamentum arteriosum (correct)
  • Right pulmonary vein
  • Left pulmonary artery

    • Which chamber of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body?

  • Right ventricle
  • Right atrium (correct)
  • Left atrium
  • Left ventricle

    • Which artery runs in the anterior interventricular sulcus?

    <p>Anterior interventricular artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the great cardiac vein?

    <p>Return blood from the anterior part of the heart to the right atrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the cuff pressure exceeds the systolic blood pressure?

    <p>Blood flow into the arm is stopped.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which point can no sounds be heard during the blood pressure measurement?

    <p>When blood pressure in the cuff is above 120 mm Hg.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the cuff being wrapped snugly around the arm?

    <p>It prevents the cuff from slipping off during measurement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the brachial artery affected when the cuff pressure is inflated?

    <p>The brachial artery closes off completely.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of inflating a blood pressure cuff?

    <p>To measure the blood pressure accurately.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the right and left coronary arteries?

    <p>Serving the heart with blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery is NOT a branch of the brachiocephalic trunk?

    <p>Left common carotid artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which arteries supply the diaphragm?

    <p>Phrenic arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the superior mesenteric artery primarily supply?

    <p>Most of the small intestine and first half of the large intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following arteries branches from the left subclavian artery?

    <p>Vertebral artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery supplies the spleen?

    <p>Celiac trunk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following arteries does NOT supply any part of the thorax?

    <p>Radial artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the branches of the celiac trunk?

    <p>Left gastric, splenic, and common hepatic arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the fibrous pericardium?

    <p>It keeps the heart contained within the chest cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the heart is primarily responsible for contraction?

    <p>Myocardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the visceral pericardium play in relation to the heart?

    <p>It directly contacts the heart and is also known as the epicardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the pericardial cavity contribute to heart function?

    <p>It reduces friction between the heart and surrounding tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the atria of the heart?

    <p>They are the primary chambers that receive blood at low pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the endocardium?

    <p>It lines the heart chambers and covers the heart valves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when blood volume increases in relation to the pericardium?

    <p>The fibrous pericardium prevents over-expansion of the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature distinguishes ventricles from atria?

    <p>Ventricles are thicker-walled chambers that pump blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered a normal systolic blood pressure range for a human?

    <p>110 to 140 mm Hg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines hypotension in terms of systolic blood pressure?

    <p>Below 100 mm Hg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is NOT associated with increasing blood pressure?

    <p>Vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the threshold for hypertension based on arterial pressure?

    <p>140/90 mm Hg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiological response is primarily a result of increased stroke volume?

    <p>Increased arterial blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following dietary elements is commonly believed to prevent hypertension?

    <p>Low salt intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cardiovascular change is associated with the activation of the sympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Increased stroke volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions could indicate acute hypotension?

    <p>Dramatic drop in blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the ductus venosus in fetal circulation?

    <p>To bypass the liver and direct blood into the inferior vena cava</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the foramen ovale after birth?

    <p>It becomes known as the fossa ovalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure connects the aorta to the pulmonary trunk in fetal circulation?

    <p>Ductus arteriosus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of the ductus arteriosus postnatally?

    <p>It becomes the ligamentum arteriosum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures allows blood to bypass the lungs in fetal circulation?

    <p>Foramen ovale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vessel carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium?

    <p>Superior vena cava</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Before birth, which pathway is used to transport oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetal body?

    <p>Ductus venosus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is considered the remnant of the foramen ovale after it closes?

    <p>Fossa ovalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the right side of the heart in the cardiovascular system?

    <p>Pumping deoxygenated blood to the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure effectively separates the two sides of the heart?

    <p>Interventricular septum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which valve prevents backflow from the left ventricle into the left atrium?

    <p>Left atrioventricular valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery is primarily responsible for carrying oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body?

    <p>Aorta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the pulmonary circuit from the systemic circuit?

    <p>Direction of blood flow relative to the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to blood flow when precapillary sphincters are closed?

    <p>Blood flows through the vascular shunt.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of the aorta is responsible for supplying blood to the upper body?

    <p>Aortic arch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the abdominal aorta?

    <p>It supplies blood to the abdominal organs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function do terminal arterioles perform in capillary circulation?

    <p>Control blood flow into true capillaries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the aorta as it leaves the heart?

    <p>It is significantly larger than other arteries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is primarily associated with the weakening of venous valves in the cardiovascular system?

    <p>Varicose veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant age-related change that affects arterial elasticity?

    <p>Progressive arteriosclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which valve in the heart would be most likely to experience issues related to aging?

    <p>Left atrioventricular valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the accumulation of fatty, calcified deposits in the vessels, often leading to heart disease?

    <p>Arteriosclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cardiovascular issue is a result of the loss of elasticity of blood vessels with age?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What average pulse rate is considered normal for a healthy adult at rest?

    <p>70 to 76 beats per minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines blood pressure?

    <p>The pressure exerted by blood against the vessel walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hepatic portal vein is formed by the convergence of which veins?

    <p>Splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the arterial pulse most easily monitored?

    <p>At peripheral arteries located superficially</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is NOT involved in the hepatic portal system?

    <p>Inferior vena cava</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vital sign is commonly measured through the radial artery?

    <p>Arterial pulse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding the function of blood pressure?

    <p>It provides the force needed for blood to flow through the circulatory system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical location is NOT typically associated with palpating the pulse?

    <p>Solar plexus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phase of the cardiac cycle occurs after ventricular systole?

    <p>Isovolumetric relaxation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the 'Lub' sound during the cardiac cycle?

    <p>Closure of the AV valves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the stroke volume in milliliters typically ejected by the left ventricle during one contraction?

    <p>70 ml</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which cardiac cycle phase do the semilunar valves open?

    <p>Ventricular systole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which equation accurately represents cardiac output?

    <p>CO = HR x SV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by heart murmurs during the heartbeat cycle?

    <p>Turbulent blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the ventricles immediately after the closure of the semilunar valves?

    <p>They enter isovolumetric relaxation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical heart rate expressed in beats per minute?

    <p>75 beats/min</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a condition where the heart is unable to pump blood due to rapid, uncoordinated quivering of the ventricles?

    <p>Fibrillation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the cardiac cycle occurs when the atria contract to complete the ventricular filling?

    <p>Atrial systole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which event of the cardiac cycle do the ventricles experience a rise in intraventricular pressure and the AV valves close?

    <p>Isovolumetric contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by a heart rate of over 100 beats per minute?

    <p>Tachycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the cardiac cycle is represented by the heart being relaxed, allowing passive blood flow into the atria?

    <p>Atrial diastole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological condition results from damage to the AV node, causing ventricles to beat at an independent slower rate?

    <p>Heart block</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average duration of a complete cardiac cycle under normal conditions?

    <p>0.8 seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What heart rate is classified as bradycardia?

    <p>Less than 60 beats per minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery primarily supplies blood to the lower limb from the abdominal aorta?

    <p>Femoral artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery branches off the aortic arch and is vital for supplying the arms and head?

    <p>Brachiocephalic trunk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery is responsible for supplying blood directly to the kidneys?

    <p>Renal artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery serves as the primary source for blood supply to the forearm?

    <p>Brachial artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery is not part of the renal circulation?

    <p>Superior mesenteric artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following arteries supplies blood to the anterior aspect of the leg?

    <p>Dorsalis pedis artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery primarily provides blood to the pelvic region?

    <p>Internal iliac artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the celiac trunk?

    <p>Supply blood to the abdomen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery does NOT branch from the celiac trunk?

    <p>Superior mesenteric artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary vessel that transitions from the subclavian artery in the axilla?

    <p>Brachial artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which branch of the thoracic aorta is responsible for supplying the esophagus?

    <p>Esophageal arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery supplies blood to both the stomach and liver from the celiac trunk?

    <p>Common hepatic artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition results from damage to the AV node leading to a slower ventricular rate?

    <p>Heart block</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the branches of the left common carotid artery?

    <p>Internal and external carotid arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which event of the cardiac cycle does blood flow passively into the ventricles while the heart is relaxed?

    <p>Atrial diastole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average length of one complete cardiac cycle in healthy adults?

    <p>0.8 seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the activation of the sympathetic nervous system have on cardiac output?

    <p>It increases both heart rate and stroke volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which arteries primarily supply the intercostal muscles of the thorax?

    <p>Intercostal arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the rapid, uncoordinated quivering of the ventricles that can lead to death from heart attacks?

    <p>Fibrillation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From where does the superior mesenteric artery primarily derive its blood supply?

    <p>Abdominal aorta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the physiological response to crisis stressors?

    <p>They primarily stimulate the sympathetic nervous system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which major artery supplies the diaphragm?

    <p>Phrenic arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the cardiac cycle is characterized by the closure of AV valves and a state where the ventricles are completely closed chambers?

    <p>Isovolumetric contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a role of blood vessels in the circulatory system?

    <p>Increase blood viscosity in veins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do low blood pressure and exercise interact in the vascular response?

    <p>Exercise can temporarily raise blood pressure despite low baseline levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormones are primarily involved in regulating blood volume during crisis situations?

    <p>Epinephrine and thyroxine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of heart condition refers specifically to a lack of adequate blood supply to the heart muscles?

    <p>Ischemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the defining event that marks the end of atrial systole and the beginning of ventricular contraction?

    <p>Isovolumetric contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to venous return during high physical stress?

    <p>It increases, enhancing cardiac output.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of capillary beds in the vascular system?

    <p>To facilitate the exchange of nutrients and gases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the role of the parasympathetic nervous system during times of crisis?

    <p>It stimulates relaxation and decreases cardiac output.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary artery that forms from the merging of the vertebral arteries within the skull?

    <p>Basilar artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which arteries supply blood to most of the cerebrum?

    <p>Anterior and middle cerebral arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed by the division of the basilar artery?

    <p>Posterior cerebral arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is responsible for connecting the anterior and posterior blood supplies in the brain?

    <p>Cerebral arterial circle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which components are primarily involved in supplying the brain stem and cerebellum?

    <p>Basilar artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which arteries provide the posterior blood supply to the cerebrum?

    <p>Posterior cerebral arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the complete circle of connecting blood vessels found in the brain?

    <p>Cerebral arterial circle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do small communicating arterial branches serve in the brain's arterial supply?

    <p>Connect anterior and posterior blood supplies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recorded systolic pressure during a blood pressure measurement?

    <p>The pressure when the first tapping sounds are heard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what pressure is the brachial artery effectively constricted during the measurement process?

    <p>Above 70 mm Hg but below 120 mm Hg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the sound heard through the stethoscope as the cuff pressure is gradually reduced below 70 mm Hg?

    <p>No sounds are audible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What signifies the end of blood flow through the constricted artery during blood pressure measurement?

    <p>The disappearance of the first soft tapping sounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the initial phase of blood pressure measurement?

    <p>Blood begins to spurt through the artery at first tapping sounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When measuring blood pressure, what physical change occurs in the artery when the cuff pressure exceeds the systolic pressure?

    <p>The artery is constricted and blood flow is obstructed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates that the artery is no longer constricted during the blood pressure measurement process?

    <p>The sounds can no longer be heard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pressure values are considered critical in determining blood pressure during measurement?

    <p>Values preparing the systolic and diastolic points during deflation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cardiovascular System

    • A closed system of the heart and blood vessels
    • The heart pumps blood
    • Blood vessels allow blood to circulate to all parts of the body
    • Functions of the cardiovascular system:
      • Transport oxygen, nutrients, cell wastes, hormones to and from cells

    Anatomy of the Heart

    • Size of a human fist, weighing less than a pound.
    • Located in the thoracic cavity, between the lungs in the inferior mediastinum.
    • Orientation:
      • Apex is directed toward the left hip and rests on the diaphragm.
      • Base points toward the right shoulder.

    Coverings of the Heart (Pericardium)

    • Pericardium-a double-walled sac
    • Fibrous pericardium-loose and superficial
    • Serous membrane-deep to the fibrous pericardium, composed of two layers
      • Parietal pericardium - outer layer that lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium
      • Visceral pericardium - next to the heart; also called the epicardium
    • Serous fluid -fills the space between the layers of pericardium, called the pericardial cavity

    Functions of the Pericardium

    • Keeps the heart contained within the chest cavity
    • Prevents the heart from overexpanding when blood volume increases
    • Limits heart motion
    • Reduces friction between the heart and surrounding tissues
    • Protects the heart against infection

    Walls of the Heart

    1. Epicardium (Pericardium)

      • Outside layer; visceral pericardium

    2. Myocardium

      • Middle layer; thickest layer
      • Mostly cardiac muscle
      • The layer that contracts

    3. Endocardium

      • Inner layer known as endothelium
      • Lines the inner heart chambers, covers heart valves, and continuous with the endothelium of large blood vessels

    Chambers and Associated Great Vessels

    • Four chambers of the heart
      • Atria (right and left):
        • Receiving chambers -Assist with filling the ventricles
        • Blood enters under low pressure
      • Ventricles (right and left)
        • Discharging chambers
        • Thick-walled pumps of the heart -During contraction, blood is propelled into circulation
    • Interatrial septum-separates the two atria longitudinally
    • Interventricular septum-separates the two ventricles longitudinally

    Heart Valves

    • Allow blood to flow in only one direction
    • Atrioventricular (AV) valves:
      • Between atria and ventricles
      • Left AV valve (bicuspid or mitral valve)
      • Right AV valve (tricuspid valve)
    • Semilunar valves (between ventricle and artery):
      • Pulmonary semilunar valve
      • Aortic semilunar valve
    • Function:
      • Open and close in response to pressure changes

    Cardiac Circulation

    • Blood in the heart chambers does not nourish the myocardium
    • Coronary arteries-branch from the aorta to supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood
    • Cardiac veins-drain the myocardium of blood
    • Coronary sinus-a large vein on the posterior of the heart; receives blood from cardiac veins, empties into the right atrium via the coronary sinus.

    Physiology of the Heart

    • Intrinsic conduction system (nodal system) of the heart
      • Built into the heart tissue and sets its basic rhythm
      • Composed of specialized tissue
      • Causes heart muscle depolarization in one direction only (atria to ventricles)
      • Heart rate 75 beats per minute
    • Sinoatrial (SA) node:
      • Located in the right atrium
      • Acts as the heart's pacemaker
    • Atrioventricular (AV) node:
      • Located at the junction of the atria and ventricles
    • Atrioventricular (AV) bundle (bundle of His) and bundle branches:
      • Located in the interventricular septum
    • Purkinje fibers:
      • Spread within the ventricle wall muscles

    Physiology of Circulation

    • Vital signs
      • Measurements of arterial pulse, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and body temperature
    • Arterial pulse
      • Alternate expansion and recoil of a blood vessel wall
      • Monitored at pressure points in superficial arteries
      • Pulse averages 70–76 beats per minute at rest in a healthy person

    Blood Pressure

    • BP = CO × PR
    • Effects of various factors on blood pressure
      • Neural factors
      • Renal factors
      • Temperature
      • Chemicals
      • Diet

    Capillary Exchange of Gases and Nutrients

    • Interstitial fluid (tissue fluid)
      • Found between cells
    • Substances move to and from blood and tissue cells through capillary walls
      • Direct diffusion through membranes
      • Diffusion through intercellular clefts
      • Diffusion through pores of fenestrated capillaries
    • Exchange is due to concentration gradients
      • Oxygen and nutrients leave the blood and move into tissue cells
      • Carbon dioxide and other wastes exit tissue cells and enter the blood

    Fluid Movements at Capillary Beds

    • Movement out of or into a capillary depends on the difference between the two pressures
      • Blood pressure forces fluid and solutes out of capillaries
      • Osmotic pressure draws fluid into capillaries
    • Blood pressure is higher than osmotic pressure at the arterial end
    • Blood pressure is lower than osmotic pressure at the venous end

    Developmental Aspects of the Cardiovascular System

    • In an embryo
      • The heart develops as a simple tube and pumps blood by week 4 of pregnancy
      • The heart becomes a four-chambered organ capable of acting as a double pump over the next three weeks
    • Umbilical cord
      • Carries nutrients and oxygen from maternal blood to fetal blood
      • Fetal wastes move from fetal blood to maternal blood
      • Houses one umbilical vein and two umbilical arteries
    • Shunts bypassing the lungs and liver in a fetus
      • Blood flow bypasses the liver via the ductus venosus entering the inferior vena cava to right atrium of heart
      • Blood flow bypasses the lungs through the foramen ovale (becomes fossa ovalis after birth) and ductus arteriosus (becomes ligamentum arteriosum at birth).
    • Weakening of venous valves
    • Varicose veins
    • Progressive arteriosclerosis
    • Hypertension
    • Coronary artery disease

    Gross Anatomy of Blood Vessels

    • Major arteries of systemic circulation
    • Major veins of systemic circulation

    Arterial Supply of the Brain

    • Internal carotid arteries

      • Divide into anterior and middle cerebral arteries that supply most of the cerebrum

    • Vertebral arteries

      • Join to form the basilar artery that serves the brain stem and cerebellum

    • Circle of Willis

    • Hepatic portal circulation

      • Formed by veins draining digestive organs into the hepatic portal vein
      • Vein carries blood to liver for processing before returning to systemic circulation

    • Digestive organs

      • Spleen
      • Pancreas

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the human cardiovascular system with this quiz. Questions cover major arteries, heart chambers, and vascular functions. Perfect for students of anatomy or anyone interested in learning more about how the heart and blood vessels work.

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